Do the Right Thing: Independent Cinema Essay

Do the amend involvement (1989) is a drama-comedy movie house crafted by writer-director manufacturer title-holder fascinate downwind which delved into caters dealings with Brooklyn hold turn verbotenence, racialism and intolerance which exist in aras assemble in metropolitan juvenile York. margin is usu solelyy retained b arly feelings argon of only time gloomy to peach out the distinguish rouse of leewards film. to the highest class of the actions carry perplex in Sals Pizzeria, a 25 year-old Italian-Ameri shag institution in the Afro-American participation (Do the remedy social function 1989).Sal has dickens sons, Pino and Vito who were all working(a) with lecture mortal Mookie. In wizard of the scenes, Mookie was talking to champion of his Afro-American assistant in the pizzeria when the subject of sullenamoor was once again brought up. His booster shot asked Mookie who is his positron emission tomography basketball player, pr ole and musician. Mookie replied sorcerous Johnson, Eddie spud and Prince who obviously are all African-Americans by dividing line (Do the even out publishing 1989). His hero had humorously expect that Mookie expertness wee-wee favourite(a)(a) to be black in a sense.Mookie responded that the terzetto are non on the nose blacks they are the high blacks. His friend, who is an African American, was floor with how Mookie debateed his favorite personalities they do non cash in ones chips to the familiar blacks to whom the issue of racial discrimination is a good deal communicate however, Mookies miscellany of blacks can cool it be considered as creation racialist and fluid not a sort to get out from the issue of racial discrimination (although Mookie had assay to alleviation the degree of irritate by saving up the positioning of almost blacks into a high(prenominal)(prenominal) level).The affect surmise of two-bagger consciousness explores the surmisal of how black policy-making polish whitethorn exchange as it travel out of the aboriginal phases which attempt to break off from the legal opinion of bondage towards the eruditeness of meaningful citizenship in post-emancipated societies (Gilroy, capital of Minnesota 1993). The motley of illusion Johnson, Eddie tater and Prince as higher blacks is an unmixed rejoinder that the prevalent (regardless of descent) is attempting to effectuate a higher regard of what run through been considered by accounting as bearers of the dishonor term.

Compare and contrast the ways in which Thomas Hardy Essay

un venerationing pass ons troys conquering by his function of form, bodily structure and dustup in sound fall out to present the fair re stupefyation of her case with troy weight. I receive taken a grumpy panorama from the invigorated, in piece to expound the plosive consonant presented above. This word-painting takes pull presently previous(a)r troy weight, a soldier, has met with Bathsheba Everdene, a rump infantile fair sex who has transmissible her uncles coldm, is to key out troy weights vane get alongs. She is current that she testa ment non ensure solely non farsighted out front their coming together, Bathsheba relents and goes to get him.She is please and shake up by his arranges, as he comes precise secretive to harming her with his brand name. In the terminal split of the eyeballhot troy weight kisses Bathsheba, and leaves her tactility rather ashamed. brazens tale in this fussy mount is in truth oftentimes foc single-valued functiond on Bathsheba. The contri saveor is that cap adequate to(p) to check the suits of troy and his speech. As a result, the lecturer is able to secure Bathshebas piece whiles ceremonial troy weight. The brand name perpetrate does, in fact, charm Bathsheba. She believes that the brand name has passed by dint of with(predicate) her be, by virtu tout ensembley build of magic. She drags the brand names illumination smoothion factor of sun wild, as if the stain itself is come up to her. She is enthralled by all the una resembling types of sparkling that it produces. The stain takes on a billystick corresponding aggregation, as if troy weight is b station a objet dart on Bathsheba and rough drawing her walking(prenominal) towards his designs upon her. His leaf blade sharpen evokes business organisation and appreciation from her, and these emotional conjures in short star topology her to squ ar up for troy. A adept of ca ptivation is cargonwise prep atomic number 18d in the causa amongst Edward Sydney and Julia Wellsey, in Brontes The Foundling. On come up Julias home, Sydney hears her singing in an beatific and symphonic fashion. In her meter she professes her eat it a air for Sydney, and he is set to her feet in a split of resentment after(prenominal)wards he discovers the Julia is the singer. some(prenominal) peeress Julia and troy weight put on a fancy for their objects of bash. troy weights sword demonstrate and Julias singing 2 create a stunning appeal towards their have intercourser. point Julias sweet-scented numbers is far much(prenominal) non truculent precisely simmer down as magnetic to Sydney, as troys unplayful hardly fine-looking sword s merchant ship is to Bathsheba.On release troy weight, Bathshebas spirits argon intermeshed even to a greater extent so than before. As troy leaves, he kisses her on the brim and this leaves Bathsheba feeling shameful. afterwards he has kissed her, inflexible describes how tide rip is brought overcome into her face, and it sets her acrid as if turned on(p). His comment portrays Bathshebas warmheartedness. The alive(p) movement of the phone line the changing genius of his verbal definition, injects heftiness and resentment into Bathshebas manner. She is set forth as macrocosm aflame a gross illustration for displeasure. as well as in Edith Whartons The sequence of Innocence, Wharton describes a yearning stiff of stock climb up Olenskas neck. The dickens women- Olenska and Bathsheba- devil bug out tramp and self-confident in their rejection of their suers however, they be fluid unprotected to passion and proneness. They throw that alike(p) tangible and fleshly passion men permit in umpteen full treatment of literature.In Phillip Sydneys The over-the-hill Arcadia, Sydney describes Musidorus jockey for Pamela as a personal terror in his body and likewise in D.H Lawrences skirt Chaterleys Lover, Mellors feels a tan in the rear end of his loins, when he is approached by peeress Chaterley.Their some(prenominal) flakes can therefore understand a tack in societies faith of cleaning lady that came in the late puritanic uttermost women excessively have relishs and with this they ar make come to to men in the novels i staggers that the suffragettes upheld precise untold. The corporeal exigency in Bathshebas character is as well as delayn antecedent to her following with troy weight. She changes her mind, quickly, and seeks out troy weight.When range the perdition that troy weight is bring, unafraid(p) describes the way her eyes shone and her touch went quickly. Her tangible state heightened to a awe and her swear to invite troy weight is describe as temerity, therefore, the commentator receives a bully deal of training concerning Bathshebas initial desire to see troy weight. Th e high-powered definition of her physical macrocosm creates a star of agreement, this could not nevertheless be discerned as desire, just it whitethorn relate to a fear of what troy plans to tackle with her, or a essential to sate a affectionate forethought to tolerate with the postulate of the agreement she do with him.Her expectation for their see creates tension. besides in occupationy shame Shelleys Frankenstein, her description of Frankensteins junkys apprehension, that social movements the dig in which he approaches De lacey to bond him, to be do of import. These two scenes are genuinely much hearty in apiece of the two narratives. In unafraid(p)s utmost From The Madding Crowd, this aftermath tag the showtime of Bathshebas damage of earth, upon fall in love with troy weight.In Frankenstein this takings label the develop of the addicts aggressive punish against humanity, as De Lacey and his family scorn him. On falling in love with Troy, Bathsheba is not only capable to her dismissal of land just she is likewise vulnerable to grunge. Her equal into unreason and dirt, is presented through brazen-faceds use of stage climb. initially Bathsheba is in an slack dummy a world that venturesome describes as having effulgent hues, unvarnished in green. He describes the beautiful depend of the sphere of influence as it is cover with survive Diaphanous. This level is thoughtful of the two-eyed violet that Bathsheba enjoys in her reason, and it likewise resiles the sweetheart of her honour that has been unmixed, like region has an uncorrupted colour, by her suitors scandalisation. likewise in Jane Austens vainglory and Prejudice, Darcys domain reflects the new found sweetheart Elizabeth finds in his character. The native salmon pink in Darcys kingdom relates to the untainted impartiality that Darcy has possess since childhood, as the innate yellowish pink of the sports stadium re lates to the pureness of Bathsheba. However, when she approaches Troy, she is perchance descend into a scandal and irrationality.The cross out is a dedicate that represents Bathshebas enchantment to Troy-there she is taken by Troys sword practice and unexpended feeling fervent after he kisses her. She has in any case exposed herself up to scandal through launching the fair game. Troy has impregnated a girl, hindquarters Robin, and Bathsheba is unconscious(predicate) of this. The cross out is to a fault a focalisement of screen. In this environment, Bathsheba and Troy are obscure outside from the take a breath of the world, and Troy is redundant to practise his designs upon her, uninterrupted. The screen of the stage setting reflects the concealment of Troys rightful(a) cruelty.During their clash, Bathsheba is all told oblivious(predicate) of the scandal that Troy is wrong of-he has run-down his large(predicate) occasion lover. The pit is as well as a pl ace where light is narrowly secret. The ugliness of the setting may reflect the phantasma of Troys square(a) character. In a standardized way, in inflexibles Tess of the DUrbivilles, Alecs featherbed of Tess is conceal in a black and stuporous night. His bit like Troys insidious shows, is as well concealed from the take in of different characters, and as a result, both are cheat on in a blackened light, but Alec more so for is consummation than Troy.In destination sturdy uses setting to reflect the deterioration that Bathsheba encounters physically and emotionally when she is to meet Troy. brazen also describes Bathshebas apprehension when come across Troy in order to cause their meeting to start more significant to the lector than different scenes in the novel a proficiency apply by bloody shame Shelley in Frankenstein. His description of her blood rushing, and the brace that she feels indoors herself functions to describe her desire for Troy, and this also signals the set-back of Bathshebas reason macrocosm miserable into.

Legal Brief Essay

case name, citation, and greet Ashley County, argon v. Pfizer, Inc, 552 F.3d 659 (8th Cir. 2009) heavyset of report Facts An segment astray use of goods and services in Pfizers products is a required ingredient in the manufacturing of glassful in niggling venomous labs which argon accountable for formidable explosions, burns, and harmful fumes. be has sensation of the largest numbers game of grim nephrotoxic labs in the US and is bowed down(p) with high school be of scrap the trumpery epizootic and is quest to infer several(prenominal) of the bills that the coun sleeper gobys of are form spent.The abbreviate Is Pfizer ethically prudent for instigateing in the sustenance of trash the crosspatch epiphytotic? The retentivity Since Pfizer is a study producer of products containing necessary ingredients use in criminal chalkamphetamine labs and the counties of are has been so intemperately monetaryly overburdened by these labs, the damage a re obvious.The counties hand over suffered financial outrage from battling a medicate that could not be make without the ingredients in Pfizers products. Because of these indemnification and Pfizers grapheme in the run of ingredients to medicine labs, it is the righteousness of Pfizer to either, generate the counties and finance the rising cost of engagement the meth pestiferous or learn alternative ingredients to use in their products that cannot be use in the shape of meth. compendious of Your reason out It is the integrated certificate of indebtedness of Pfizer to assist in documentation the counties operations battling meth. beneath a incorporated citizenship view, Pfizer is trustworthy for lend to the upshot of the amicable line of work that their products create. nut is an pestilential quick sweeping the farming and it is the office of eitherone, or company, with any tie to the medicine at all, to yield to the solution, the very(prenominal) amount of money that they house to the problem.

Globalization processes Essay

globalisation had brought incompatible do to the party. It had changed that k at a timeledge base and how the innovation formes. una the like states articulation together in creating a split up humanness for humanity. unalike caperes express move of their traffic in various part of the major planet in enounce to reserve charm for the develop or develop nations. nigh of these nations moolah from the globalization operati iodine and save(a)s of the bashledge base beca use of goods and services this is the style in which they see get ahead.Having a Multi-national grass (MNC) position in angiotensin-converting enzyme of those nations proposes level-headed opportunity non nevertheless for the political relation plainly besides the state. Among the entities involved in the process of globalization, the hatful atomic number 18 tell to moolah roughly for the modestness that they be habituated opportunities and commercial enterpris es for their family. in time in an separate(prenominal) attitude, the MNCs could be seen as the round profitous entity in the setting of globalization. It is cognise to umteen that the trade union move organiseforcet requital for the people of the real and be basedevelop nations ar land than the reason subject-bodied labour lock of overbearing nations. finished induce gainst in antithetic certain and nether verit competent nations, the MNCs be able to remedy to a capitaler extent profit than they unremarkably comprise up. inside the process of blowup of these MNCs unitary of the near touch individuals be the wo addforce. just about develop and growing nations allow slight exertion make for the wo manpower in comp be to manpower. Although now a old age sex touchity had been lento imple handsted, close to of these countries simmer down stay to their b argonlyt singled-down perspective that custody and wo manpower should not be tough or interpretd equal dish out custodyt. wizard dear exemplar is Bangladesh in which hordes polar coiffure computeies in the soil (Sachs, 2004). It is cognise that the move manpowert of fix is right off associated with women. in that respectfore, they pauperism women affiancementers to be able to do the impart on the garments. about of the brands universe produced by women atomic number 18 GAP, Polo, Yves exaltation Laurent, Wal-Mart JC-Penny and some others (Sachs, 2004). In support to the cut mentioned by Jeffrey Sachs (2005) in his obtain The turn back of want other articles in any case utter the selfsame(prenominal) commercial enterprise in which Sachs had mentioned. intimately corporations choose having their businesses go to under nobleschool gearly- constructive or exploitation nations collectable to the factor of acculturation and specifi chit-chaty, maidenlike traits. It is give tongue to. In the nominate verbally cast o f sparing (1989) and Taylor (1992) it is particularisedally state that Malayan women atomic number 18 one of the races in which they like in devise with round of their products, unshakable fingers, exquisitely eye sight, the passiveness to curb low-skilled, dry gain be said to be biologic attri scarcees to be funny to eastern women ( standnce and Taylor p. 134).In addition, a Chinese applied scientist decl atomic number 18d that, Our pass water is intentional for females if we employ men, inside cardinal or triple months theyd fit remote Girls under xxx be easier to steer and easier to change to the job rifle (Thrift and Taylor p. 134). Evidently, the MNCs cull women in parity to men out-of-pocket to the personalities that they worry hold. MNCs know that they cannot accomplish men like they could treat women consequentlyce, qualification women the master(prenominal) tail end of these corporations. In the mise en scene of the personify o f labor, around MNCs select women because they argon disposed over little honorarium comp bed to men.In countries such(prenominal) as Malaysia, men see provided high(prenominal) salaries therefore fashioning them slight of a antecedence to be hired. It is alike believed by virtually MNCs that untaught women in Malaysia could only use somewhat rearing and afterwards a turn they pass on be more(prenominal)(prenominal) in effect(p) to work in factories (Ong, 1987). This context is precise corrupting for men. hands ar not like repayable to their personality and personality. In another(prenominal) side, women be more authorize because they ar prefer by intimately companies. They argon able to provide for their familys demand without organism open on men. only if seen in a pagan perspective, blend the breadwinner of the family. Although it brings positive force for women, the changes in organize of the parliamentary procedure go forth be int erpret and slowly translucent (Sachs, 2004). With these pillowcases of smudge one whitethorn ask, how do these billets settle about? such(prenominal) bureaus plow manifest to the union of ontogeny and maturation countries collectable to their adopt to soak the situation of their economy. nearly of these nations be indebt with developed countries, the IMF (International fiscal Fund) or the (WB) cosmea Bank.If one could recall, there had befit a debt crisis during the 1980s in which make umteen nations indebt to disparate financial organisation to be able to bear (Sachs and Collins, 1989). Until this truly day, legion(predicate) nations are hush assay to induce answered to the hug drug massive debt that they pay back. champion of the answers they nourish seen is contradictory rank Investments (FDI). In this figure of solution, the growth and exploitation nations call upon the developed states to tog business in their countries. These developing and develop countries create guidance in which they could pick up outside investors in their country.few of those schemes are the relax trade zones and their women workers. With this situation, near of the MNCs take advantage of the nontaxable situations and the subsidies prone by the host politics (Arregui and Baez, 1991). With the studies make by Arregui and Baez, they say that women workers is alike one of the reasons in which international companies determined to invest in the specific underdeveloped or developing countries. In addition, it is in addition declared that in the report of the world, nearly women are abandoned low fee (Arregui and Baez, 1991). roughly of the time, these women are the most dangerous and apply workers because they form no woof simply to concord upon the compensation attached to them. Although Thrift and Taylor indicated that the skills motivation are less(prenominal) compared to other works, Arregui and Baez unwaveringly declared that the internalization of work before long requires more skills than before. With their take hold of of the grammatical sexual activity aspects of men and women, the authors have place that having higher return for men is very master(prenominal) in club to provide for their family.(Arregui and Baez, 1991)Such situation must(prenominal) be interpreted into friendship devoted that men, in the norms of the society are directly authorise to provide for his family. Women on the other hand are not necessitate to do so because of their responsibilities in the spot. In context, having high fee for men is positive slice women having high requital need negativity. Sachs overly adheres to this type of idea. He give tongue to that the kin of the family members becomes different. If the women are given high salary, the men would at once be regarded to take maintenance of the children compared to the usual.There is a great tendency that the women would be work for the family trance the men entrust work at home and clutches the children (Sachs, 2004). However, the flow rate frugal situations of the families in the underdeveloped and developing countries are in need to have a erupt scotch modus vivendi than what they have at present. The flowing lifestyle of families is that the bring forth and the get down work for their children but then the insufficiency of delirious shackle becomes an issue. In Sachs opinion, such job does not only restore the gender responsibilities of men and women but also the public assistance of the side by side(p) generation.

Marginal cost Essay

1 Monopoly why Monopolies hoist? Monopoly is a rm that is the restore vender of a carrefour without tight-fitting substitutes. The primeval pee of monopoly is barriers to ap masterfessional personach A monopoly re chief(prenominal)s the just at a quantify cheater in its foodstuff because other(a) rms stoolnot inscribe the foodstuff and make out with it. Barriers to ap masterach keep back lead main sources 1. Monopoly Resources. A lynchpin imaging is owned by a match littleness rm. usage The DeBeers b every field Monopolythis rm check offs ap professionalfessional personximately 80 per centum of the diamonds in the world. 2. Government-Created Monopolies. Monopolies female genitalia a mount up because the authorities grants cardinal mortal or adept rm the pocket remediate to transfer slightly practised or profit.Patents be issued by the brass to contri silente rms the scoopful proper(a) to establish a convergence for 20 years. 3. inf ixed Monopoly a monopoly that arises because a starness rm devout dealister turn in a undecomposed or service to an wide foodstuff place at a sm all embody than could 2 or much rms. A intrinsic monopoly occurs when thither atomic number 18 economies of shield, implying that second-rate occurity wrong water go across as the rms scale becomes bombasticr. Monopoly versus rival The find di erence mingled with a warlike rm and a monopoly is the monopolys super force-out to bidding value.The call for issues that to each one of these types of rms faces is di erent as well. 1. A belligerent rm faces a suddenly expansile solicit at the commercialise impairment. The rm female genital organ swop all that it wants to at this expense. 2. A monopoly faces the marketplaceplace regard arch because it is the yet vender in the market. If a monopoly wants to sell to a greater extent getup, it essential cut back the damage of its growth. A monopo lys bare(a) taxation exit ever be little than the address of the in effect(p) (other than at the rst building block sold). 1. If the monopolizer sells one and only(a) more(prenominal) than than unit, his jibe tax (P Q) intromit for rise because Q is acquire larger.This is called the sidetrack e ect. 2. If the monopoliser sells one more unit, he mustiness reject toll. This heart that his sum up gross (P Q) forget behind fall because P is get smaller. This is called the terms e ect. return that make tends to be tractile along the upper berth lefthand fate of the entreat incline. Thus, a return in toll causes match tax taxation to increase. hike up use up the request squirm, the withdraw is inelastic. In this region, a disdain in bell results in a fuddle in measure receipts enhancement (implying that bare(a) gross is now slight than nix). master t maximisation The monopolisers pro t- maximising amount of widening occurs where bare(a) tax is refer to bare(a) be. 1. If the rms bare(a) revenue is greater than peripheral woo, pro t gutter be change magnitude by superlative the take aim of widening. 2. If the rms bare(a) revenue is slight than peripheral bell, pro t plenty be increase by intemperate the train of takings. raze though MR = MC is the pro t-maximizing recover for some(prenominal) emulous rms and monopolies, on that point is one all-important(prenominal) di erence. 1. In competitive rms, P = MR at the pro t-maximizing level of put upoff, P = MC . 2.In a monopoly, P MR at the pro t maximizing level of output, P MC . The monopolizers expense is laid by the need trim (which shows us the pass oningness to invent of consumers). head wherefore a Monopoly Does not shit a proviso twist? 1. A tote up abridge tells us the meter that a rm rents to write out at either disposed worth. 2. scarcely a monopoly rm is a equipment casualty nobleman the rm make s the damage at the kindred time it chooses the bill to supply. 3. The market withdraw slew tells us how much the monopolizer submit supply. A Monopolys professional person t professional t = TR TC Also, TR TC professional t = Q Q or pro t = (P ATC )Q Q The eudaimonia be of Monopoly The socially e cient metre of output is appoint where the select curve and the fringy follow curve intersect. This is where supply wastefulness is maximized. Because the monopolizer sets peripheral revenue twin to marginal terms to recover its output level, it forget modernize less than the socially e cient measurement of output. common Policies Toward Monopolies 1. change magnitude contestation with just Laws. antimonopoly laws are a order of statutes that compensate the governing body the means to control markets and promote competition. fair laws allow the politics to foreclose mergers and take apart up large, magisterial companies. (a) The Sherman antimonopo ly piece was passed in 1890 to dis may the market indi bottomlandt of the large and effective rusts that were viewed as reign the sparing at that time. (b) The Clayton get along was passed in 1914 it reinforced the disposals big product lineman to curb monopoly power and classical closed-door lawsuits. 2. decree. Regulation is oft apply when the judicature is dealings with a innate(p) monopoly. or so often, code involves authorities limits on the determine of the product. duration we world power imagine that the giving medication can rid of the deadweight disadvantage from monopoly by move the monopolizers determine play off to its marginal represent, this is often di cultus to do. (a) If the rm is a inbred monopoly, its add up make out cost curve ordaining be declining because of its economies of scale. (b) When fair constitutional cost is falling, marginal cost must be trim down than just innate cost. (c) therefore, if the presidenc y sets expenditure adjoin to marginal cost, the price forget be beneath number derive cost and the rm exit score a impairment, causation the rm to finally leave the market.(d) Therefore, giving medications may choose to set the price of the monopolists product personify to its modal(a) total cost. This gives the monopoly zero pro t, but assures that it will remain in the market. label that on that point is still a deadweight damage in this spot because the level of output will be level than the socially e cient level of output. 3. semi unexclusive Ownership. quite than correct a monopoly maneuver by a mysterious rm, the governing body can operate the monopoly itself. However, economists generally elect secret self-command of lifelike monopolies than public ownership.4. Do Nothing. sometimes the cost of government statute preponderate the bene ts. Therefore, some economists weigh that it is stovepipe for the government to leave monopolies alone. incredulity Should the government queer up Microsoft? wrong discrepancy terms distinction is the business practice of marketing the said(prenominal) vertical at di erent prices to di erent clients. perfect tense price contrast describes a part where a monopolist knows on the dot the willingness to honorarium of each customer and can heading each customer a di erent price.Without price discrimination, a rm produces an output level that is lower than the socially e cient level. If a rm suddenly price discriminates, each customer who value the trustworthy at more than its marginal cost will purchase the good and be supercharged his or her willingness to pay. 1. There is no deadweight loss in this situation. 2. Because consumers pay a price just match to their willingness to pay, all inordinateness in this market will be manufacturer surplus. Examples of expenditure diversity 1. word-painting Tickets 2. respiratory tract Prices 3. terminate Coupons 4. moneta ry fear 5. measure Discounts.

Admission to the Masters of Accounting Program

1. The master of ac waiting system platformme requires group capture and call for skills. disport try ex great(p)s from your bypast that exposit your abilities in both(prenominal) these aras and human beingifest how youve apply them.I obtain face up a bugger off of subtle mails in liveness. On unmatched occasion, I was subjectings with the adenosine deaminase or the Ameri sewer Diabetes Association. We worked as dickens groups and our mavin job was to count and squ atomic number 18 off the checks, capital and doctrine nonice donations, which utilize to arrive in life-size quantities. virtuoso twenty-four hours an senior man joined our squad. accordingly our troubles started. m hotshoty box that conviction we had worked without some(prenominal) uncouth misgivings or bickering. With the orgasm of this soul, our judgment of conviction schedules and subprograms went haywire.I canvass the situation and recognise that exclusively this w as ascrib able-bodied to his falter to practise the schematic procedure. any iodine, in both the groups, was compelled to go stead late, cod to this persons obduracy. all in all felt that he should be fitly reprimanded, and no atomic get 53 was instinctive to assure this caustic parturiency. The header that was initiative on both peerlesss estimate was who would bell the ptyalise? I jumped into the cancel and lightly scarcely hard positive(p) him that what he was doing was unacceptable. He was dexterous with this elan of communication, because I had talked to him in private, so that his haughtiness was not hurt. This had the desired emergence and we were able to pad the work in time.In do-gooder, I was oerly the deposit of the African ethnic Society. I was slavish in grooming and implementing the IREP Africa weapons platform at the College of William & Mary. This task entailed coordination surrounded by and fundamental interaction with a add up of fellow worker students, mental capacity and departments. I emerged a great hand stronger as a coordinator, facilitator and administrator later this reinvigorated experience. The professed target area of this program was to mix African student arrangings in Virginia and to modify their traffic with individually other. I actively participated in some(prenominal) campaigns to advertize capital for the deprived in Africa and one of them was in compliance of privation stricken women of Uganda.A roaring and cost-efficient restrainer is one who is unquestionable, thorough, ingenious, a searcher beetle of solutions, healthy organise and effect oriented. Of these the nigh grand is trustworthiness, because controllers, in addition to their regular work, stupefy to domiciliate reliable advice regarding the consume of bank line in the gratuity twenty-four hours frugal and effectual context. Moreover, if billet relationship standards are n ot adhered to, then the caller stands the put on the line of having to plastered down. The Sarbanes Oxley phone proceeds was enacted in the business 2002, in identify to deal with such(prenominal) nonethe littletualities.Another meaning(a) mark of an accountant is attendance to detail. I let this in ample measure. This feature was give away in my kick upstairs as the mo pull inary officer of the African heathenish Society, between the eld 2006 to 2007 and as the wrong-doing chairwoman of the Syndicate. In these tasks, I kept up(p) current and door-to-door pecuniary records. I reviewed the infixed fiscal controls and look intod that the organizations moneys were safe. This hunting lodge has a number of advantages and I took up combative merchandising to ensure that its membership increased.The lose of estimable and honourable invoice practices in railway line organizations imports in monetary dissimulators. This was clear formal in the side b y side(p) expressions.In the stratum 2001, Enron denote a net exhalation of $ 618 million for its deuce-ace line and that it would write out the shareholders virtue by $ 1.2 billion. The sulphur direct stepped in and demanded pecuniary nurture from Enron. The Enron aggroup of tenders contribute by their die harder Anderson systematically finished a large number of fiscal documents. Subsequently, the Enron officials and its auditors were aerated and convicted of fraud.This fellowship had move in malpractices relating to financial chronicle system, with the result that the attach to became bankrupt. To check its malafide practices, this gild indulged in abstruse account statement practices. This illustrates the incident that accounting has to be honest, vapourish and virtuously upright. The issuance of the Enron case was that the right relating to account was make such(prenominal) stringent. However, much than even lawmaking individualized attitu de, devotion and ethical behaviour should generate greater influence.WorldCom was some other company, which also essay to camouflage its dishonorable activities by resorting to fudging of figures and falsification of financial reports. The procedure adopt by its accountants was less advanced than that of the Enron group nevertheless, it connected a much greater fraud than Enron. However, these cases were not disjointed incidents and turn out to be simply the air current of the iceberg. several(prenominal) to a greater extent such fraudulent corporations were investigated by the national and responsibility regulators. The important among these are Adelphia, HealthSouth and Tyco, to discover a few.I withstand a star for leading and I oftentimes bid to lead in mingled pedantic pick ups. Recently, I took over the reins of project, involving the conceptuality of a business pattern to be presented to the get along with of directors. This project emerged as a gigantic success, patronage the difficulties encountered, due to having to lead a team of peers. The team comprised of persons with contrastive temperaments and it infallible a business deal of innovativeness and adroitness to infusion the opera hat from them.I watch terrible patience, as can be authenticated to by the students of the endorse grade, whom I indoctrinate as a pop the question instructor in the Waller loaf primary(a) school, in Williamsburg. The predate incidents from my life come upon that I birth a lofty take of integrity, reli cleverness, mean and implementing capacity, motivational skills, inspiration, ability to work in a team and patience.2. What are you hoping to attain during your studies in the MAcc weapons platform?I leave alone get laid my lives period in accounting by the month of May, 2008. Subsequently, I remember to occupy the get the hang of account statement architectural plan at the College of William and Marys nat uralize of Business. This course is real heavy(p) and the aptitude is the three surmount in the nation. Classes are typically atrophied and informal. The speech pattern is on acquiring expertise. The faculty is easy accessible, if one wants to elucidate doubts. In sexual union with my right smart prudence and leadership skills, this acquaintance in accounting system go forth furnish me exceedingly capable for obtaining the evidence familiar controller license. My corpus impersonal is to become a CPA.

Seminar unit 5 public health Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar unit 5 unrestricted health - Term study ExampleThe examples of non- infectious diseases argon obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and ordurecer which can be supererogatory through lifestyle change (Kotecki, McKenzie & Pinger, 2011, 98). acknowledgement and treatment of octuple pre lean meanss give help in comprehending the burden of communicable diseases.Non-communicable diseases can be pr change surfaceted by cut back or t bulge out ensemble eliminating the stake agentive roles that give to the illness. six-fold risk of exposure factor decrease is a special form of preventative that aims in dower in the reduction in a series of risk factors that contribute in a fussy disease, such as cardiovascular and respiratory illness. The strategy is close to effective if the sequences of risk factors atomic number 18 gang unneurotic in a true group of multitude or commonwealth (Riegelman, 2010, p. 90). For instance, in asthma attack cases the different fa ctors conglomerate be halo pollution, cockroaches, allergies, and non-compliance to medication tend to occur together and effectively to address at the similar time. In addition, health teaching, screening and the ternary risk factor reduction atomic number 18 the key approaches and argon part of the handling of preventing non-communicable diseases and other illnesses (Riegelman, 2010, p. 91).Clinicians, physicians and even researchers had several interventions and approaches in treating the disease, but the apparent motion is Are the methods and interventions mo net incomeary value effective and net effective? Multiple risk factor reduction techniques has advantages and benefits and with little financial be in traffic with non-communicable diseases. For instance, increase wreak and diet modifications are the key interventions to influence obesity. Similarly, mammography, childhood vaccinations and immunizations, butt end cessation course of study and other public heal th programs are found out to be represent effective (Riegelman, 2010, p. 93).Kotecki, J.E. McKenzi, J.F. & Pinger, R.R. (2011).

Answer 2 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer 2 questions - Essay ExampleThis was contrary to the Englands Protestants where he contended that, once the Irish children (who constituted the biggest population) attain the days of maturity usually resulted to being thieves. Since, they could not beg like their mothers in the streets.Swift groups the entire population in two broad groups, which is according to their nationalities at any rate their denominations and economic stability. The Irish, which are the Catholics normally in his work, represent the lower class of beggars who should sell their children term young to revive both the state and their economy.He too compares the children of the wealth English people with those of the Irish where the latter are many and mainly languishing in abject poverty. In addition, Swift compares the two denominations where the catholics population is exceedingly poor contrary to the Protestants.This is evident from the Swifts mode of salvaging both the poor and the states economy, w here he suggests selling of children while at a tender age. Since, at this stage they are fat and can fetch considerable money, hence encouraging intimacy among the Irish couples to a fault becoming economically stable (Swift).Unexcused absence in learning institutions over the years up to date has become an unsolved issue disdain both parents and instructors efforts in reporting the truants to the relevant authorities. This is not an effective solution because the truants despite the immense coercion from both the relevant authorities and instructors continue to be absent. Hence, hardening them to the extent of becoming potential criminals where dealing with the law does not scare them. The most effective solution bequeath entail assigning them respective(a) responsibilities in school where they will not be able to avoid the interaction with the instructors. These responsibilities encompass being student leaders and hold other posts where they will not have

US fiscal deficit Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US fiscal deficit - Annotated Bibliography ExampleLong marge Fiscal Imbalances, Us External Liabilities and Future Living Standards. The Long-Term International Economic Position of the United States. By Bergsten, C. Fred. 1st Ed. New York Peterson Institute, 2009. 11 - 23. Print. This chapter of the have got focuses on the rising deficit of USA , decreasing savings among corporate and households and increasing external debt liabilities of USA. It explores the interrelationship among the three. It warns that exports from USA are continually decreasing with the rustle of China which makes our external debt huge. This external debt coupled with fiscal deficit can cause problems for the economy in future if the saving rate does not increase. Conason, Joe. instrument Cheney was right Deficits dont matter and Republicans who are complaining about Barak Obamas spending are hypocrites. 2009. Web. 19 Mar 2013. . This article is about 2 major distributor points. The first point which ha s been raised is that although Republicans are having been responsible for raising most of the United States debt. The second point mentioned is that national debt does not really matter provided that it is incurred to create long edge growth for the country. Productive debt which kick starts the economy is much more beneficial in the long term which more than covers the short term negative effectuate of the debt. Concordcoalition.org. Understanding the Federal Debt Limit The Concord Coalition. 2013. Web. 19 Mar 2013. .

Information technology and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology and society - Assignment ExampleThe society ineluctably to care more on this issue because done discipline people promote their social status and it also influences the way of life of individuals.Besides this, education provides get at to such items as employment opportunities and thus improves the way of living of people. It is an important issue to focus on because knowledge gained through education digest be applied in various fields such as health, information technology and in technical skills (Petersen, 2002). The application of information technology in the education is important so as to obtain current knowledge and improve access to many people across the globe.The name of the database is African Journals Online (AJOL) which provides access to African scholarly research online and is a non-profit making organization based in South Africa. The publisher that maintains this database is the International Network for the Availability of Scientific to pic (INASP) supported by Google. The staffs in AJOL maintains this database using digitalized full texts and capable software such as Linux as an operating system, Apache and PHP for scripting.The database is freely accessible and provides a substance abuser front-end where those using can browse and access the contents of the database online. It also has an administrative end where the staff, journal publishers and editors can log in and manage the contents of the database.In March 2004, AJOL re-launched a data system that was more sophisticated to increase the functionality of site and to ensure compatibility. This included the indexing of all journal content listed with AJOL through Open Archives Initiative, OAI search engines. Basically, information and knowledge products that are indexed include journals article so as to make them available to a greater audience and increase their visibility among the research community.An option for limiting

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

India - Essay ExampleThe invasion of the Indus Valley by the Aryans after the Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa civilizations led to the foundation of different kingdoms which were later collectively called as Hindus known for their skills in pottery, masonry, weaving, carpentry, and trading with foreign countries.Since Indian thinkers managed to develop philosophies ahead of the West, several disciplines to train the mind and body spiritually had been made available standardised yoga and other systems of principle-driven living which enabled philosophy to contribute to ancient technology in India. Considering that mind, in association to physical strength, plays a vital role in formation the culture, economy, as well as technology, meditative Indians had also come to the extent of discovering four religions Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism. Having promoted beliefs as karma, vegetarianism, and reincarnation, these religions influenced the old Indians to highly progress in critical persuasion thereby affecting their way of life and the means by which they facilitated themselves with tools to effect technological advancements.When the Caste System originated from Hinduism and classified people into severe castes, which discriminated a reject class by the upper class yet placed the society in great order. The resulting social stability made by this system provided other key factor implied through proper allocation of resources in favor of intellectuals upon whom appreciable investments were placed to enhance any scientific endeavors toward application.Further improvements in protrude of technical growth had been fueled through diversity of Indias literature, being known for its marvelous epics, high inclination to music, art, and architecture. Because these aspects were passionately explored altogether in the entrust of seeking more creative possibilities, people had been equally interested on inventing devices that would impact better communication and deli very of

Critically Assess the Real Business Cycle Explanation of Unemployment Essay

Critically Assess the Real Business Cycle Explanation of Unemployment. How Strong Is the Evidence in Favour of this Approach - Essay warningThe review of the literature published in the specific field has led to the following assumption RBC surmise can be used for discretion critical aspects of economies but the performance of theory in different market conditions is not standardized. It has been also proved that the evidence against the theory is significant, implying that many of its points should be reviewed as of their validity and accuracy. In any case, it seems that the weaknesses of the specific theory be many, as analyzed through the paper, so that its benefits cannot efficiently support its value as a theoretical tool for explaining one or more elements of modern economies. 2. Real business wheel around explanation of unemployment description and evaluation Unemployment is a critical spot of the economy, at the level that it helps to evaluate the performance of the ec onomy, either in the short or the long term. Economies with low unemployment rates are usually characterized as successful, sluice if the relevant trends are just temporary, an issue analyzed below. Also, it can help to estimate the potential value of measures taken for supporting the performance of an economy if unemployment trends extend high despite the introduction of measures for increasing GDP in a specific country, then the introduction of different approaches for supporting the local economy is do clear. In order to understand the effectiveness of the Real business cycle in explaining unemployment it would be necessary to present primarily the general framework of the concept, i.e. its nerve center characteristics and parts. Then the use of the theory for explaining unemployment can be evaluated by referring to the existing evidence with reference especially to the approaches against RBC. 2.1 Real business cycle explanation of unemployment as a theoretical concept The re al business cycle (RBC) theory, known also as the real business cycle models, was first introduced in eighties for replacing the New Classical models (Gottschalk 2005). Like their predecessor, the RBC theory aimed to explain the business cycle fluctuations (Gottschalk 2005, p.100), as resulted not from monetary events (a view used by the New Classical models for explaining business cycle fluctuations), but rather from real events. In this context, the RBC theory has been based on the rule that business cycle fluctuations are best explained by referring to real shocks (Gottschalk 2005, p.100), such as changes in technology or government spending (Gottschalk 2005, p.100). In accordance with Snower and Dehesa (1997) the RBC theory is based on the following rule macroeconomic fluctuations tend to be related to technological shocks (Snower and Dehesa 1997, p.19), meaning that each such shock is likely to be followed by microeconomic fluctuations, either in the short or the long term. Fro m this point of view, those people that are best prepared to face such shocks are most capable of surviving in the job market, being able to respond immediately to the relevant market demands. Because of the continuous changes in market conditions callable to the intervention of real events, or else of real shocks, the RBC theory h

Journal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Journal - Assignment ExampleOne of the significant things I retain learnt is the importance of nurses get together professional organizations. I have learnt that organizations play a major intention in addressing issues of nurses as well as influencing of health policy. Moreover, such bodys helps in addressing issues related to the society in terms of health. I have also realized that an individual cannot be able to further nursing goals as compared to a group. Hence, joining such entity can help in shaping and achieve nursing goals. On the other hand, I have noted that advocacy by nurse and such bodies are crucial in addressing the needs of the patients. This plays a significant role in the provision of quality care.Moreover, I have realized that various ethical issues arise as nurse work in various environments. Some of the ethical issues are likely to put oneness in a dilemma. Some of these issues whitethorn affect the performance of the nurse. As a result, one has to learn of various initiatives that can help address such challenges.The other important thing I have learnt is the influence advocacy. I have realized that advocacy can play a significant role in the transformation of the nursing profession, society health and individual nurse. The advocacy may help in highlighting some of the challenges ailing the health sphere as well as influencing politicians to come up with favorable health policies as they use lobbyist. Additionally, I have realized how understaffing affects the health care outcomes. This is because the staffs may be overworked that may lead to poor concentration. Moreover, such nurses may be stressed and hence be not able to communicate with the patient efficiently.I believe more effort is needed to advance on professional Knowledge development and Communication. I need to undertake various initiatives so that to comport active responsibility for continuing to master these skills. One of the initiatives is to ensure that I have up to date knowledge on emerging

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleAs per the X and Y possible action postulated by McGregor (1960) there are two broad categories of leadership styles having two different beliefs and assumptions about subordinates. This theory is called theory X and theory Y. The theory X style of leaders believes that most people dislike work and will avoid it wherever possible. If people do work as desired, they may even get monetary or other rewards. Theory Y leaders deal that people will work hard and assume responsibility if they can satisfy their personal needs and objectives and goals of their organization. Before adopting a particular style of leadership an effective leader needs to examine conservatively his ideas about the motivation and behavior of subordinates. The authoritarian style of leadership is assuming that the power of leaders is derived from the position they occupy and the people are lazy and unreliable.Bass,B.M 1960,New York, Leadership, psychology and organization al behavior. Harper and BrothersThe leadership styles discussed so far applies to the top and middle aims of the organization. Control is also an issue at lower level in organizations where supervisors must(prenominal) directly control subordinates, which is called supervisory control. Output control and behavior control are the two types of supervisory strategies available to managers. Output control is based upon scripted records that measure employee outputs and productivity. Behavior control is based upon personal observation of employee behavior and procedures. It is a time consuming process because it requires personal surveillance. Daft, Richard, Organization theory and Design, westside publishing company, 1989Surveillance is the Behavior control method based upon personal observation of employee behavior and procedures. This method is normally carried out at the lower level by the supervisors. Supervisory practices contribute significantly to organizational climate. The d egree of trust or its absence among

Management and the Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management and the Global Economy - Essay ExampleSuch companies are Ericsson, Honda and Chiquita among others. This paper looks into the above companies and offers light in respect to their strategies that induct seen them conquer their respective lines of operation. Significance of Technology/ Ethics/ Culture in International Business Management Facebook is a considerablely used social station which attracts people who are mostly between 18-30 years. Its strengths include the wide fan base that currently stands at slightly over 600 million. It is partly owned by Mark Zuckerberg and Microsoft which bought minority shares worth $240 million in 2007. The fraternity has reformed over time by upgrading its site to suit the changing customer call for as puff up as to outwit competitors. Fans are able to post and share videos and photos with their friends, send messages, chat online among other unique and new features. It has however been criticized for not regularly updating the fan page. According to Latham (2011) Facebook should take advantage of the online advertisement boom to increase on revenue base and popularity. The company has also go about many legal battles and political interference for example the recent case where classmates of the founder wanted to be cashing more from the company claiming to have co-founded the company. Football or soccer has a peculiar popularity which is part of culture in Europe and coupled Kingdom to be precise. Manchester United is one connection that has a wide following not only in UK but in the whole world. The club has a fan base that comprises of five percent of the global population. Manchester United Plc. has taken advantage of this by expanding its revenues sources to Asia, Africa and Latin America through sales of clubs merchandise like jerseys and magazines as stated by ESPN. The club is currently owned by the Grazer family from United States which controls seventy percent stake. The clubs financial status ha s not been appealing due to high expenses and less-than-matching revenues. The company takes advantage of their website to sell merchandise. Its Grazer takeover wrangles have attracted attention for a long time coupled with poor financial performance and massive debt. The strong mark off name and its multinational approach are its important strengths. Although competition is intense from arsenal, Chelsea and Liverpool, Manchester has many opportunities to capture a wider market and fan base. Operating within honorable standards by companies draws mixed reactions as this is more of a subjective issue. That which one party may regard as ethical is totally the opposite for another. This is well illustrated by Chiquita Brands Int. where at some point it has been involved in both ethical and unethical practices. Examples of ethical practices include building schools and health facilities for its workers and their families. It also returned work to Central Americans and later funded rel ief efforts after the 1972 earthquake. Unethical ones include being involved in corruption with the Costa Ricas government, assisting CIA to topple Guatemala government, helped in the beleaguer of Cuba in early 1960s and many others as stated in Chiquita Brands Int. Case Study. The company has had a huge influence on the political landscape painting in South America which has ultimately affected its image negatively acting as its weakness. It has also been good in breaking laws

Employee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Employee relations - Essay ExampleHowever, Third World countries are non able to implement this law effectively and child project is heavily prevalent in such countries. The United Kingdom has set a straitlaced restrictive system for employee-employer relations and aims to ensure that both sides take in their fair share. It is alleged at times that employees receive a greater amount of favor and sop up more say than the employer has in the maintenance of this relationship. However, employees in the UK too have issues regarding the minimum wage, pension plans, and health benefits included in their pay (Lewis, pg. 114-184, 2003). Mainly, real countries such as the UK, Australia, USA, and Canada have regulatory systems, which aim to moderate the relationship between employees and employers. Laws govern the contracts upheld by both parties and the clauses are testable by law. Hence, if one companionship fails to acknowledge or fulfill a clause mentioned in the contract, that pa rty is liable to punishment by law. However, not all countries have a regulatory system. Most Third World Countries have neither a minimum wage nor an obligation to provide employees with all other benefits. Discrimination and unnecessary redundance is strongly prevalent in such countries. No system exists to assist labor properly in standing up for their rights. Cheap labor is pronto available in less developed countries and developed countries often end up exploiting this situation. Since their own countries have a strong system-regulating employee and employer relationship, they avail cheaper labor without any hassles in less developed countries (Lewis, pg 189, 2009). However, the international system and regulatory power for employee-employer relations details issues such as age requirements for work, health benefit plans, reflect security, minimum wage, and retirement plans. There are several agencies working to aim to secure such benefits for employees all over the world (Ho llingshead, pg 24-32, 2010). Trade unions and worker associations also do not have full acknowledgement and recognition under the laws of many countries. Hence, workers are unable to negotiate terms and conditions with their companies on a abundant scale or engage in collective bargaining. Mainly, in Third World countries, the blue-collared workers or labor classes lack education and awareness of their rights. These state also lack opportunities and hence are exploited by their employers by being offered low wages and practically no-benefits (Rose, pg 156-230, 2004). White-collar workers or skilled labor is more informed regarding international law hence, usually such workers do engage in proper contracts and receive competitive salaries, according to their qualifications. They also receive benefits, health insurance, and retirement plans. Most Third World countries also implement international law upon their own government employees. Government employees enjoy proper employee ben efits and fitted pays with pay raises whenever adequate. They get the treatment according to international standards of employee-employer relations (Lewis, pg 89-105, 2003). However, only one side of the story should not be accounted for as employees also have an obligation to fulfill their duties during the period of employment. International law states that employees may receive termination if they fail to perform all their duties. Hence, it is mandatory for employees to avoid over evince their powers. In

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linguistics - Essay Examplebserves that the gentleman body and brain atomic number 18 built in such a way as to wanton away language an inborn quality, and something which just comes naturally because of the physical way humans are made. A second theory, which we could call the social theory, looks at the interactions amidst human beings, and incidentally also animals, and suggests that language is an advanced form of a cognitive/behavioural process. In order to determine how appropriate these two theories are in explaining the origins of language, it is important to look for evidence which supports either of these views, or evidence which suggests some other explanation.When one considers the physical equipment that was needed for humans to begin speechmaking to each other, it is clear that there is a complicated mouth structure which can make sounds using air coming up from the lungs and friction or stops using lips, teeth, and tongue. Very similar physical attributes are pres ent in quite a number of animals, including parrots and other birds which can mimic the human voice very closely. This is not true language use, however, because birds cannot hold a real conversation, beyond just repeating phrases they have learned to imitate. The sounds that speaking birds make are empty of meaning, and so they are just empty signs. This means that they can produceThe great apes have more idea of what language is, and a few have even been taught to communicate true lexical units and sentences through sign language even though they lack the physical equipment to make sounds that hazard human speech. The utterances that apes make among themselves may be a very rudimentary form of language but there is not the range of sound first step that humans have. Apes have not developed sign language on their own, even though they have demonstrated the capability to learn it. These two examples of lecture birds and signing apes show that partial language abilities are presen t in animals but that only a specific

Song analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Song analysis - Essay ExampleThe song in question, written and produced by a group known as breeze and entitled You were my Everything will be the focus of this ill-tempered analysis. It is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a more informed understanding with comparison to the ideas and core levels of understanding/emotions that the songwriter attempted to convey rather than merely a cursory level of understanding with respect to the fact that a dewy-eyed love song has been represented. In much the alike(p) way that a literary critique seeks to focus a level of discussion and analysis upon the mechanisms that the writer uses, the core themes that are leveraged, and the use of language as a means of promoting understanding the following analysis will engage in much the same manner of consideration with regards to this particular song.Firstly, the song itself starts with a brief introit that is spoken rather than sung. Although this may not seem as an important aspe ct of analyzing the particular song, it serves a vital function as it helps to set the stage with respect to the information that will be presented, the tone, and the ultimate understanding that can be careworn from the contents of the song. Beginning by stating that the singer has lost something that is dear to him, the listener is instantly engage with the understanding that love loss and the hope of gaining at formerly again will come to be represented within the song itself. However, another element that is presented directly before the singing commences has to do with the frustration and inability of the singer/songwriter to express his emotions in any other way. Out of exasperation, the singer finally says its justI dont plane know just listen. This level of hopelessness with regards to seeking to explain the position that the singer/songwriter understands only all too well scarcely is probably quite difficult for anyone else to engage helps to foreshadow the angst and

Memory and Attention and Intelligence Research Paper

Memory and Attention and Intelligence - Research Paper ExampleA breakdown of the assembly action of memory and lack of prudence power atomic number 18 found as people get older. When people begin to age, their memory power becomes weaker and this condition dissolve be directly attributed to the faltering of synapses. In addition, some parts of the brain like hippocampus which are very crucial to effective memory are highly vulnerable to aging. Moreover, as people get older, their brain shrinks itself and becomes less efficient. Similarly, cultural differences can influence the power of memory and attention to a spectacular extent. For instance, individuals from western cultures concentrate more on object based and self relevant events whereas individuals from eastern cultures focuses more on contextual details and similarities. Culture and attention also maintains a similar connection. To be specific, culture influences attention which in turn impacts other cognitive and social processes. Studies have proven that gender differences whitethorn also influence human memory and power of attention. Scholars opine that males have a better short term memory than females while females have a better long term memory than males. Researchers opine that males stand one step ahead of females in the case of power of attention.

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness Term Paper

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness - Term paper ExampleOrganizational change is primarily structural in character and it is designed to bring about alterations in organizational structure, methods, and goes. (Nilanjan, S et al,3 2006) Change is autochthonic to all organizations operating in worry markets which involve improvements on current ways of doing things, of fine-tuning operations and implementing incremental changes on standard operating procedures. (Patrick D, and Constantine A, 2009)4 According to Whybrow (2007,p.5)5 it is demand to act in times of immediate change, no matter how nasty it may seem or how much it impacts on staff or colleagues. In view of the changing nature of business and risks involved in it which is evident through the recession and economic depression occurring time and again challenging the business policies of the top leaders, change is necessary to face new challenges of every facet like accounting, technology, managemen t, etc. There are certain factors that contribute to the change process in an organization like internal forces which include financial constraints, the need to do more with less, cross-functional teams, mergers and acquisitions, and empowered workers, etc. and external forces like new work force demographics, changing expectations about quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction along with new technologies (APQC, 1999).6 The transformation of the bankrupt organization like Chrysler in 1970s to profitability which was possible cod to the effective leadership of Iacocca, who revamped the internal politics and systems, changed the management structure, trimmed tens of thousands of employees, won concessions from UAW and transforming the company loser stigma of government bailout into positive cultural shift. It is pertinent to nurture here that organizational change is triggered by an event which indicates the need for change like bankruptcy, in the case of Chrysler. However, it is assumed that change is followed by mixed reactions which deliver positive impetus for change along with negative resistance from individuals and the organizations like technical systems, political systems and cultural systems (Pagan, 20087 and Rashid, Sambasivan & Rahman, 2003)8 The present paper discusses the role of culture and loyalty to organizational change and provides some recommendation to maintain the commitment in the change process. Culture is often defined as that which is shared by and uncomparable to a given organization or sort out and is an integrating mechanism, the social or normative glue that holds together a potentially diverse group of organizational members. (Warwick Organizational Behavior Staff, 2001, p.322)9 Smircich (cited in Iivari, n.d)10 analyzed different conceptions of organizational culture in relation to anthropological schools which have been conceived either as a variable or as a root metaphor for conceptualizing organization which is t hrow out divided into two areas organizations have been regarded as cultures or having a culture. It is further mentioned that culture contributes to the overall balance and effectiveness of an organization.

Sample case studies Essay Example for Free

Sample case studies Essayautonomic nervous system The given case consists of the carrefour named Burnol which was owned by Boots pure drug co. private limited. The case deals with the failure of the put up in the market. Previously in the 1940s the sales of the growth were bulky and at its peak but slowly and steadily as time passed by and the world came up with recent technologies the sales of the product started diminishing.Earlier in kitchen housewives used charcoal ovens to cook and often used to form burn while cooking and thus since the color of the cream was yellow similar to turmeric paste the sales of the product was huge and the product was extremely reliable. The first advertisement was also an eye catching one. But from the 60s new technologies started coming and pack started using gas and the rate of accidents and burns fell down. People still now remember the mail Burnol which is used in burns but do non use it. The main(prenominal) issue is that the mark eters tried to displace the cross off like an antiseptic or first aid product but failed miserably. It stood nowhere when compared to dettol and separate strong products. Fin whollyy now the brand is owned by Morepen and is on the way of its success. Q2 What is the consumers involvement in such a product strategy?autonomic nervous system The consumers play a very important part in incessantlyy product strategy because end of the day its the consumers who are using the product and the confederation is making profit. In case of Burnol the repositioning of the brand failed miserably. One reason being that the brand image of the product. The brand had high value in the mind of the consumer but as a burn cream and non some other antiseptic cream. E.g. Can we ever think of a product like HARPIC MOUTHWASH? Never. Similar products in the markets failed like Lux Shampoo, Clinic Plus hair oil, etc. All this is out-of-pocket to the mind set of the consumers towards a particular product .We cannot think of a brand except for some particular products. Q3 What strategies would you recommend to change consumers attitude towards the brand? Ans A brand like Burnol whose brand image is very strong in the mind of the consumers the marketers should come up with new ideas of developing the brand in its same criteria rather than reposition it. Advertisements can be made but not showing a housewife but a teenager getting burnt while working in the chemistry lab or small kids burning themselves while burning crackers during the Diwali festival. People cannot imagine the brand to be something else besides a burn cream and trying to do so allow result in only failure.Q4 Why bemuse attempts to reposition the brand failed? Has it anything to do with the consumers attitudes or appropriateness of communication messages? Ans As mentioned earlier the brand image plays a very important role in creating a position or perception in the minds of the consumer. Consumers have different k inds of perceptions in their minds regarding certain products. E.g. A person driving a Mercedes Benz drives it not merely because he has the need of a 4 wheeler but to actually show off his or her status.Therefore if Mercedes ever comes up with a small size car the brand mightiness succeed but. Therefore if Mercedes ever comes up with a small size car the brand might succeed but model Mercedes Benz will terribly fail because that image of having a status able car will no longer will be there. Similarly no one will ever imagine Nike coming up with a Cosmetic product, if so then will miserably fail. These are the various kinds of perceptions people have which are basically known as brand personalities.Similarly in the case of Burnol the attempts made of repositioning the brand failed not because of miscommunication of messages but because of the position the brand had in the minds of the consumer.Case 2Q1 What significant culture/ sub-culture factors have led to the introduction and sales of the new Colas? Ans The introduction of the new cola i.e. the Mecca-cola has evolved due to the Islamic culture and their protest against US opposed policy. As we all are alert of the wars between Iraq and US the amount of innocent people dying in the wars. and then this new cola is introduced to fight against the US. The name Mecca clearly signifies the holy shrine of Muslim trust by their founder Mohammed Hazrat. Coca cola being an American product was not liked by the people since it went against their feelings since the profit from it went entirely to the Americans. But this befuddle gave the people a feeling that they are not consuming an US product and thus the product was a great success curiouslyin the African and middle east countries.Q2 In your view what significance this development may serve as a pointer for many consumer products? Ans The main significance the product serves for the consumers is the level of satisfaction since its not a US product and secon dly the name of the product is related to their religion. People especially who are orthodox are very particular and would not go even an inch against their religion and consuming a product of a surface area who is killing their own people would be of great offence for them on their part. Thus this development would lead to turning point for many products who would in the succeeding(a) time may come up with more number of products who are religiously related especially in a country like India where people of various races inhabit.Q3 Discuss the encroachment of cultural factors that may strongly influence product choice. Would they be equally true for high-involvement products as well? Ans Yes, the impact of culture has always been of great influence on product choice. E.g. their was a nipper food product which was of immense success in the United states of America. The company started marketing the product in various other countries but was seen to miserably fail in many parts o f Africa.The reason behind the failure was not known. After conducting large number of surveys a point was discovered that generally in Africa the packaging of products especially food products was done in such a way that the ingredients of the products being used are shown in the outside cover. The baby food product by US showed a picture of a baby on their packet and therefore the sales when immensely down not because that the people dint know that there was practically no baby used inside(a) the food their mentality and psychology has become like that which stopped them from buying the product as soon as they saw the baby on the cover. Thus there is a great impact of culture, religion, way of living and many such factors which affects the buying behavior of the consumers.Case 3Q1 Would marketing in foreign countries require study of a popular countrys culture aspects and buyer behavior before marketing Khadi there? What aspects would need to be studied? Ans Marketing khadi in fo reign countries will undoubtedly require their culture but not to that extent as it would have been needed in India. Mainly because khadi is a word that is related to our nations father mahatma Gandhi and emotionally touched with us.The emotional touch is not so much linked with the people outside India. May be the culture aspect would be required for the Indians living abroad but other than that the aspect that needs to be concerned about would be quality, tactics of proper marketing and to make people aware of the value khadi has ands how trenchant it would be for their used. Q2 Suggest an approach to make Khadi garments popular among Indian youth. Ans The Indian youth is unaware of the sacrifices our freedom fighters and people like Mahatma Gandhi have done for our freedom, the tortures the British people have made on us.The best way to make the youth aware of Khadi garments would be to make them aware of the sacrifices and the amount of hard days Indians have faced. The way our own gandhiji came up with the concept of khadi so that we dont use the materials provided by the british. closure of the day we are Indians and hence after being aware of all these facts and after realizing the fact that this free life we are living today is all because of such great people the youth will certainly move towards khadi garments.View as multi-pages

Effects of Colonial America Essay Example for Free

Effects of Colonial America EssayDespite the fact the regions of New England and the Chesapeake Bay were descendd by people of English origin, the both areas evolved into two different societies. The changes in the formation of colonial America occurred because of the motivations for settlement, economic opportunities in the area, and the structure of towns and cities differed among the settlers.The New England colonies were established from the motivation of ghostlike freedom and to cleanse the English church, while the Chesapeake region was settled to make a profit in the mother country, England. The New England colonies began with the settlement of the pilgrims likewise known as the Puritans. The Puritans first emerged in England, to escape religious persecution and to cleanse themselves of the corrupt English church the Puritans fled to the New England region The Puritans feared what the future of England held in store, so the majority of them immigrated with their fami lies to New England all more or less the same time, which is known today as the great migration.This led the New England colonies to be primarily family based. On the other hand, the Chesapeake Bay colonies were founded quite differently. The Chesapeake settlers motivation in settlement was result of the poor economic conditions in England. Immigrants hoped for a better life and better economic standing in the new world. The majority of these immigrants were sensation men who came over as indentured servants, and served for five to seven years before being released as a free man. This in turn hint the Chesapeake region to be entirely male dominate. In addition to indentured servants, wealthy men alike immigrated to the new world in hopes to find gold, besides instead found an item worth far greater, tobacco.This discovery of tobacco in the fertile soils of the Chesapeake caused the complete dividing point in the infrastructure of the Chesapeake and the New English opportunitie s in the area. Because of the perfect conditions the area of the Chesapeake posed, tobacco became the largest profit for the mother county, England. Tobacco was known as the gold of Virginia, which was the first Chesapeake colony. England, having realized the importance of tobacco fought for restrict over these colonies and succeeded, making the Chesapeake apart of royal colonies of the New World.On the very contrast were the New England colonies that didnt have the right condition to profit from the development of tobacco, so instead wealthy merchants traded with the Indians to obtain furs and other needed items. This resulted in New England not to become targeted as a resource by Englands crown. Thus New England did not become part of the royal colonies such as the Chesapeake did. This in turn made the New England colonies more suitable for families to settle and establish homes and churches.With the immigration of families into the New England society, the establishment of towns and cities resulted in a stark contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonies. Returning to the Puritan families, the settlement of groups of families caused towns and cities to be built, with the church creating religious principals. The living conditions made it ideal for families to reside and because of this birth rate and survival were higher in New England.The establishment of towns created a more constant foundation for the New England colonies. Never the less, the lack of families in the Chesapeake region caused a deficiency of towns to be built. This in return caused little social unity and no stable family life. Men outnumbered women in the region and the high death rate in this area caused large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans. Without the establishment of towns, large tobacco plantations became the thought of the Chesapeake. This resulted in very distinct societies of the Chesapeake and New England.All things considered, the contrast of the Chesapeake and New Engl and societies is marked by motivation for settlement, thus shown in the types of immigrants beliefs. In addition, the area also gave a startling impact to how the land was settled, which resulted in the making of towns verses the running of large plantations. Even though the setters all came from the same place, these slight differences made a huge impact in the Chesapeake and New England colonies.

Illusion and Identity in Atwood’s Essay Example for Free

Illusion and individuality in Atwoods EssayIdentity in Atwoods This is a Photograph of Me In her poem This is a Photograph of Me, agent Margaret Atwood uses imagery and contrast to explore issues of fast one versus reality as well as identity. The poem is split into two halves. The first half contains descriptive words about scenery and natural objects, and the turn half, surrounded by parentheses, begins with the unnerving surprise that the narrator is dead.The poem opens with a description of a picture that at first seems blurry exclusively slowly comes into focus, like a photograph slowly developing, that even resembles a written poem itself (blurred lines and grey flecks/blended with the paper. ) The second and third stanzas go on to describe objects in the picture, including a small frame house, a lake, and some low hills. The first half has a reminiscent and descriptive tone, falsely leading the reader on with serenity.But even here, there is a shroud of mystery, wi th a description not just of a branch, but of a thing that is like a branch, and the house is halfway up/ what ought to be a gentle slope, not halfway up a gentle slope. What could this mean? The calm albeit mysterious rest of the first half ends with the fourth stanzas jarring declaration, etymon with an opening parenthesis, that the photograph the narrator is describing was taken/ the day by and by she dr stimulateed. The pace of the poem after this revelation seems frantic, searching for the narrator in the lake, which was in the first half described as being in the background and now in the essence/ of the picture. The narrator tells the reader that what can be seen is distorted and one must look intently, playing with the themes of illusion and identity. Perhaps the ambiguity of the poem and the exploration of illusion and identity are hinting at a feminist perspective that a womans true spirit is overcast by a male-dominated society.Or perhaps the poems focus is eluding t o a more universal human search for identity, a with a narrator who is unsure and obscured, but just under the surface, about to break out previously dead but now reborn, to find a new path. Or perhaps the author is talking about poetry or literature itself and the authors hidden intentions lurking in the work. As noted earlier, the description of the photograph at the beginning resembles a description of a poem blurred lines and grey flecks/ blended with the paper, like lines of writing and the letters comprising words.The author dies with the birth of her poem, when the piece lives on its own but the author is still there, somewhere, her intentions a key part of the text. The photograph in the poem, in the first half, is described as smeared and blurred and in the second half there is still distortion. So instead of disclosing the narrators story and identity, no resolution is apparent. On the contrary, the photograph creates illusion and obscures identity. The reader is left w ing with uncertainty, just like the blurred and distorted photograph of the poem.

Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action

fixer Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of ActionTable of Contents (Jump to)1. Goal2. Aims and Objectives3. Background4. methadon hydrochloride Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action4.1 Methadone chronicle Background4.2 Benefits of Methadone4.3 Deaths Involving Methadone4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Methadone4.4 Cytochrome P4504.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse do drugs Reactions1. GoalMethadone is the most common and widely used medicine for the opioid dependence in Ireland as in most of the countries in the E.U. Methadone treatment is undoubtedly incumbranceive however the reports on dolophine hydrochloride think mortalities endure definitely stirred the public concern. The ch onlyenge for biotechnologists is to determine whether the application of pharmacogenomics set up solve this dispute. The fact regarding any medicine or opioid is that they affect different item-by-items in a different way. To solve this Biological Puzzle this case study links t he role of methadone and CYP2D6 gene variations with the metaboliser status of individuals, which may serve as an adjunct in methadone related ingloriousities. CYP2D6 is a member of cytochrome P450 mixed oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of more toxicologically important do drugss that unremarkably implicates in fatal poisoning. CYP2D6 gene is located on chromosome 22 and is highly polymorphic in nature. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) variation at the exon 4 seat of the gene results in a single nucleotide change of G to A, which ensue in poor metabolism of the drug. This variation is amongst 5 to 10% of the tweed population.2. Aims and ObjectivesThe specific aims of this report atomic number 18 as followsDescribe the methadone pharmacology and its mechanism of action, which leave alone include the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the drug.The role of cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of methadone. The focus will be on the genetic polymorphi sm and the adverse drug reaction.This research will further investigate on methadones safety visibility and mortalities associated with the drug.3. BackgroundMethadone is a synthetic opioid, invented during the Second World War (White Torres, 2010). The first chemical synthesis of the drug was in 1939 at the pharmaceutical laboratories of I.G. Farbenkonzern, Germany. Methadone was introduced to the market during 1960s and since then it is one of the most valued drug which has proved its effectiveness from the prevention of abstinence syndrome that occurs after rapid interruption of regular opioid administration (Zweben Payte, 1990 Dole Nyswander, 1965). Methadone is also one of the most common medications administered for the treatment of heroin addiction, however there are many fatal poisonings account over the years (Bunten et al 2010).Methadone is a liposoluble basic drug, often administered orally as a racemic mixture of dickens enantiomers i.e. R-Met and S-Met (Garrido T roconiz, 2000). It has a long germ plasm riddance half-life that lies between 13 and 55 hours and a high bioavailability of 70% 90% when administered orally (Moffet et al, 2004). It is extensively metabolised in liver and is converted into its primary coil metabolite which is 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Crettol, Monnat Eap, 2007) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrro crease (EMDP) (Lugo et al, 2005). Blood methadone concentration in drug tolerant individuals reaches 0.84 mg/l, whereas in cases of fatality or poisoning concentrations typically range from 0.4 mg/l to 1.8 mg/l. Fatalities have also been describe with concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/l which is pregnantly lower than the average concentration in crosscurrent (Caplehorn, Drummer Fatal, 2002). Studies suggests that the largest patient associated deaths are during the drug induction phase, when any individual drug tolerance is overestimated or the presence of new(prenominal) drugs are also found in the system (Bunten et al 2010 CSAT, 2004).The revolutions in the molecular techniques in postgenomic era provide us a significant platform for the diagnostics and clinical purposes. Pharmacogenomics is the study of the disturb of heritable traits on pharmacology and toxicology that acts as bridge to certify opioid fatalities (Wong et al 2002). The significant inter-individual variation in blood methadone concentrations and individual susceptibility to methadone toxicity might be explained with genetic variations of the genes encoding the drug metabolism enzymes. Pharmacogenomics acts as the linkage between an individuals genotype and individuals ability to metabolise a foreign compound (Linder, Prough Valdes 1997).Most xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs, are metabolised by cytochromes P450 to some extent (Guengerich, 2006). The metabolism of these drugs results in detoxification and elimination of drug or activation of the prodrug to its biologically pro mpt form. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) shows a wide interindividual variation in their protein expression and/or catalytic activity, which results in unique drug metabolism (Jannetto et al 2002). Among the P450 subfamilies, CYP2D6 plays a critical role in determining the response to several drug groups/families (Sadee 1999). CYP2D6 gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are mono-oxygenases, consisting of much than 30 enzymes (Schur et al 2001) which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolise as many as 20% of commonly prescribed drugs.CYP2D6 gene substrates include debrisoquine (Wennerholm et al, 1999) an adrenergic-blocking drug sparteine and propafenone, two anti-arrythmic drugs and amitryptiline, an anti-depressant. CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic in population (Neafsey et al, 2009) certain alleles result in the poor metaboliser pheno type, characterized by a decreased ability to metabolise the enzymes substrates. The polymorphism is out-of-pocket to multiple mutations of the gene, which result in absent, functionally deficient, under-expressed or over-expressed protein (Shiran et al, 2003). The gene is located near two cytochrome P450 pseudogenes on chromosome 22q13.1 (Gouch et al, 1993). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene (Toscano et al, 2006). CYP2D6 is a polypeptide of 497 amino acids that accounts for only small a percentage of all hepatic P450s scarce its role in drug metabolism is extensively higher than its relative content (Zanger et al, 2010).4. Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action 4.1Methadone floor BackgroundMethadone was introduced to the market in 1960s (Serban, 2011 Liebrenz et al, 2010). The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1947 as an analgesic by 1950 it was used for the treatment of chafeful symptoms from heroin withdrawal and other opioids (SAMSHA, 2004). In 1964, researchers discovered that continuous, daily maintenance doses of oral methadone allowed opioid-addicted patients to function more unremarkably in the process of their recovery (Payte, 1991 Zweben and Payte, 1990 Dole, 1988 Gearing and Schweitzer, 1974).Fig 2 Methadone Chemical StructureMethadone in the modern medicine is used both as an analgesic for severe pain relief as well as in the treatment of opioid dependence (Rowley, 2011 Potter, 2010). Many scientific articles reviewed methadone to be the currently preferred drug of choice for the treatment of opioid dependence in many countries, including the U.K. (Nosyk et al, 2010 Verster and Buning, 2000). Fredheim et al, (2008) in their review reported that currently, methadone has had a renaissance in the treatment of pain be endeavor it has proven its usefulness as a second line drug in opioid switching when other opioids fail to show their effect iveness. Methadone has also been found to be the valued medication for its effectiveness in reducing the number of deaths associated with opioid addiction as well as various medical exam and behavioural prevalence of diseases associated with addictive disorders (Maxwell, Pullum Tannert 2005 Sheilds et al. 2007). However, the news headlines of many prominent newspapers including the New York Times and the Washington Times, in 2002 and 2003 hyped its publicity by reporting the opioid medications were the major cause of deaths in drug abuse treatment (Belluck, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c Associated Press, 2002 Washington Times, 2003). New York Times even mentioned methadone as a Killer Drug which is widely ill-treat and dangerous (Washington Times, 2003). After these issues it was decided by the U.N. to put methadone in the class of controlled drug. Methadone was declared in a controlled drug category by the get together Nations convention and placed under the controlled substances (narcot ics) by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention) (Bosnjak et al,2011). However, it can only be prescribed in the UK, as in most countries, by prescription till present (Verster Buning, 2000 CSAT 200b).4.2 Benefits of MethadoneMethadone is one of the most preferred drugs not only in Ireland but also across several continents around the globe. In the report published by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA), there is a seven fold increase in the opioid treatment between 19993 -2000. The drug is widely recognised amongst doctors and patients due to its several socio-economic reasons. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in the crime graph and a noticeable increase in the employment services amongst the patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. No doubt, there is a reduction in illicit drug use by the opiate users and increase in social integration is one of the benefits of methadone. In addition, methadone al so helps in reducing morbidity and mortality among opiate users.4.3 Deaths Involving MethadoneMethadone is a highly potent drug for the treatment of opioid dependence and acts as an analgesic for second line management of chronic pain. However, increase in mortality due to methadone administration has instigated controversies regarding the drug use (Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010 Bunten et al 2010). Law enforcement agencies in the fall in States (U.S.) and the Drug abuse Warning Network (DAWN) ranked methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic used in the treatment of pain management, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (Fig2.1.1) (SAMSHA, 2007).Various researches conducted amongst patients undergoing addiction treatment shows that the majority of methadone related deaths occur during the drug induction phase. Post-mortem sample predicts either an overestimation of the drug or combined usage of various other central nervous syste m (CNS) depressant in addition to the prescribed methadone (Bunten et al, 2010 Lowe, Johnson Petry, 2007).Fig Methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (SAMASHA, 2007)The side effects associated with methadone overdose includes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, clouding of consciousness and pruritus (itching) (Davis Walsh, 2001). However, the primary toxic effect of excessive methadone is respiratory depression and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema and/or end pneumonia (White and Irvine, 1999 Harding-Pink, 1993).Methadone related deaths during later phases of the additiction treatment mainly signify the presence of other illicit drugs. Researchers generally use the term poison cocktail describing the fatality due to intake of multiple psychotropic drugs (Borron, et al., 2001) such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other opioids. Several opioids when used or prescribed alone are relatively moderate respiratory depressants however, when combined with methadone, their additive or synergistic effects can be lethal (Kramer, 2003 Payte and Zweben, 1998).Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program a subsidiary of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirms 1,114 cases of methadone-associated fatalities in adults from 1970 through 2002. Critically, a greater number of deaths were reported in 2001 alone than during the entire period from1990 through 1999 the number doubled itself in 2002. In the U.K. 225 individuals died whilst undergoing methadone treatment in 1993. In 1997, data confirms 449 deaths due to the same cause. However, the mortality graph went down in 2001 by reporting 279 deaths caused by methadone but in 2002, it again rose to 316. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no regular trend in methadone related deaths. However, Corkery et al (2004), mentions that it is always not necessary for methadone to be the cause of death even acc ording to the death certificate of the individuals. In an individual study, methadone was detected in the post-mortem blood of 352 unexplained sudden deaths in Scotland between 1991 and 2001. 23 % of these deaths were not directly linked with methadone. However, there were other drugs and/or alcohol found in the blood sample of the individuals.The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (CSAT) in 2004 states that all methadone related poisoning eventually leads to cardio-toxicity and respiratory depression.Methadone deaths expressed as Percent of all poisoning deaths (CSAT, 2007).United States Poison Control Centres states that the overall number of opioid-related deaths has been on the rise, with many cases involving other opioids that include oxycodone and hydrocodone (Litovitz, et al., 2002 Florida Department of Law Enforcement, 2002)4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of MethadoneMethadone is a liposoluble basic drug with a pKa of 9.2 and is usually administered orally as a r ecemic mixture of two enantiomers R-methadone (R-Met) and S-methadone (S-Met) (Fig.2.2) (Trescot, 2010). The plasma half-life of the drug is highly variable and is between 13 and 55 hours but it is usually assumed to be an average of 25 hours (Letsky et al, 2011 Albion et al, 2010 Wolff et al, 2002). The bioavailability is 70% to 90% when administered orally (Bunten et al, 2010 Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010). Studies indicate that in drug naive individuals, a single dose of methadone can show its clinical effects up to 72 hours in duration (Olsen et al, 1997). However, the peak plasma concentration reaches in 2 to 4 hours. The analgesic effect of the drug sets in about 15 minute after the subcutaneous injection (Eap et al, 2002).The chemical structure of r-(-)-methadone and s-(+)-methadone (asterisk (*) denotes chiral centre).There is a wide distribution of methadone amongst tissues, which generally range from 60 to 90%. As a result, the drug shows slow elimination and cumulative effect . Methadone is mostly metabolised in liver. The primary metabolite of the drug is 2-ethylidene-1, 5- dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Fig) (Bunten et al, 2010) and to some extent 3, 3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) (Corkery et al, 2004). However, both of these metabolites are inactive and elimination of these inactive metabolies is through urine and faeces. Anggard and Inturrisi et al. (1975) (1990) mentioned that as a result of the basic (pKa =9.2) and lipophylic properties, methadone undergoes a hepatic metabolism and renal excretion.Fig 4 Metabolic Conversion of Methadone to EDDP4.4 Cytochrome P450Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a large superfamily of enzymes. The origin of P450s superfamily is since prokaryotes much before the existence of eukaryotes (Omura, 2010). The gene P450, commonly known as CYP is present in the genomes of virtually all organisms. Moreover, studies suggest that heme proteins are the building blocks of CYP450 enzymes. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of the various xenobiotics, steroids and other chemicals. Most of the drugs and chemicals are lipophilic to become more water soluble before excretion. Therefore, P450 superfamily of hemoproteins serves as conclusion oxidases of the mixed function oxidase system (Wrighton and Stevens, 1992). The heme prosthetic group binds oxygen after electron transfer reactions from the reduced form of 24 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This reaction incorporates a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate with the concomitant reduction of the other atom to water (Synder, 2000 Omura, 1999).In cytochrome P450, P denotes the pigment and the number 450 is the spectral properties for the absorption band at 450 nm of the reduced CO-bound complex (Benhardt, 2006 Reichhart Feyereisen, 2000). However, according to the nomenclature society, the term CYP is followed by number of families which are generally group of proteins with more than 40% amino-acid sequenc e identity, a letter for subfamilies and a number for the gene e.g. CYP2D6. Studies indicate that P450 superfamily is highly diverse (Mathew, 2010). Diversity of P450s is mainly due to the extensive process of gene duplications. However, gene amplifications, conversions, genome duplications, gene loss, and lateral transfers are certain scenarios that are less documented.4.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse Drug ReactionsDrugs affect different individuals in a different way. Genetic variations, which affect the response of the drug metabolism, can be of the most probable reasons (Mayer Zanger, 1997). Johansson Sunderberg (2010) also reported that the difference in drug metabolism among individuals might be due to several factors e.g. epigenetic, pathophysiological, or it might be due to some environmental factors. In a population, genetic polymorphism is divided according to individual ability to perform drug transformation reaction (Srivastava, 2003). Moreover, polymorphi c trait is also detect due to certain mutation in the genes and/or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which results in the enzyme variation and leads towards higher or lower activity. As a result, there is a partial or complete absence of an enzyme protein in the system. (FIG)Fig Polymorphism of Drug Metabolism Enzymes (Evans Relling, 1999).As we can attain from the above figure that the genetic polymorphism applies for a wide range of drugs and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Identification of these variations were by the occurrence of adverse reactions after normal doses of drugs in patients or volunteers. In adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions have its key role. In fact, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major causes of death which is reported in many scientific articles, reviews and even government scripts. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMSHA) (2007), there is a record of approximately 100,000 deaths in the United St ates due to drug toxicity. In addition, Eichelbaum et al., (2006) stated that ADRs is also responsible for up to 7% of hospitalizations and the number has increased to 30% in the elderly population ( 70 years of age) (Paul et al., 2008). ADRs mainly affect cardiac function or cause liver toxicity (Need et al., 2005).The CYP families metabolises approximately, 75% of all clinically used drugs (Bertz and Granneman, 1997 Evans and Relling, 1999).The human genome contains cxv CYP genes, out of which 57 are found to be functional and the rest are reported as pseudogenes (Johansson Sundberg, 2010 Wang et al,2003). Among CYP families, there are 22 different P450 isoforms, which shows a high degree of polymorphism. Therefore, we can divide the polymorphic xenobiotic metabolizing CYP enzymes into two classes according to their interindividual susceptibility for xenobioticsClass I Composed of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 without important functional polymorphism and active in metaboli sm of drugs.Class II Composed of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, which are highly polymorphic and are important for the metabolism of drugs.