Standardization And Adaptation In Television Advertising

Standardization And Adaptation In television receiver AdvertisingStill in this twenty-first century television continues to be a prevailing media. ascribable to the increase in the globalization this world is shrinking at a rapid rate, companies doing line of descent overseas must find new and innovative ways to communicate their ticks to the market. Thus, the decision of standardisation or admitation of the advertisements between respective(a) nations is of much vastness to these companies competing in the international market. The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding as to how the multi-national companies standardize and adapt their television advertising. For reaching the close, questions based on the elements of television ads, along with the factors affecting the decision whether to standardize or adapt were identified. On the basis of these questions, analysis of related literature was conducted to form a abstract framework, which was further ut ilized to guide this papers data collection. Qualitative case study approach was rendered to collect the data, based on the interviews and observing the television commercials of multi-national brands. The conclusion derived shows that there atomic number 18 various appeals that atomic number 18 efficient. For e.g. Emotional appeals are more(prenominal) efficient on young target market, whereas the rational appeals work more efficiently on the older target market. Cost is the key factor which influences the companys decision to adapt a commercial. Whereas regarding the standardization of a television commercial the companys main counseling should be the non-geographical elements much(prenominal) as the family conclusion and humour.Contents1 IntroductionThe following chapter go forth be providing the reader with some background of the area being researched. Problem statement regarding the standardization and adaptation in television ads will be followed by the research. The overall purpose and the related research questions will be concluding this chapter.1.1 BackgroundMarketing confabulation is based solely on the method of sharing of the perceptions. The intended capacity can be successfully communicated integrity if the senders perceptual field or what we can define as his experience of that brand is in congruence with the perceptual field of the intended market. Thus a capacity which lands outside the receivers perceptual field has no effect on the receiver. consort to Root (1994) the perceptual gaps as come up as the encoding and decryption gaps resulting arising due to the cultural differences between the sender and the receiver hinders the communication. Moreover, as a reason of the unawareness of cultures regarding the existence of such gaps the level of communication hindrance increases additionally.In the below figure 1.1, it has been demonstrated by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004) that efficient communication depends on three main fac tors the sender, the receiver and the message. These three factors are interconnected with a message channel.Figure 1 Marketing Communication ProcessIt was in like manner tell by Root (1994) that communication process between the people of the same culture derives an advantage from a high level of congruence in their perceptual fields as well as the similarity between their communication codes. The communication process can be therefore be affected by the cultural hindrance which is justified by Root (1994) saying that many another(prenominal) time the sender as well as the receiver of the same culture believe that the message has been clearly understood by them even though it is non the case.Advertising has been defined by Root (1994) as a process of non-personal communication which is sponsored in monetary form to promote a proceeds, a brand or even a company. Advertising has also been recognized as a tool for mass promotion (ibid). According to Laroche and Teng (2006) cultu ral value are vital for any ad message and it is also a deciding factor for the success of any ad. They have also state that the people are finding commonalities between then and the ads when their cultural values are embodied in those ads. The vice versa happens when their values are not concerning the ad.The assignment of delivering the message to the people is given to the advertising media. Radio, print, television, cinema, hoardings and other outdoors are the leading media considerable for this task. The advertisers are able to demonstrate the service or the product in motion using a number of choices of elements available for this task. The right combination of these elements during the making of the television ad so as to give the message a strong probability of catching the attention of the consumer and getting the message to him is vital to achieve the desired impression on the mind of the consumer.1.2 Problem DiscussionTelevision ads can also be intentd to boost the ima ge of the product by showing the product in motion along with the ability to employ colour and sound for constructing a desirable environment surrounding the product. The centre of this paper will be television commercials, due to the various factors of television such as vision, colour, sound and motion which are very crucial in presenting the message. Moreover, the study of Brassington and Pettitt (2000) showing that motion ads are considered superior for the generation of emotional appeals also is a factor for the concentration of this paper towards television commercials.The decision of the standardization or adoption of television ad at an international level resides principally to the manager and his manipulations towards the promotional mix elements. People who support standardization argue by saying that the current trend in the marketing world is of creating the products and marketing them in the same way in all the nations without considering the differences in the vari ous cultures. But when manager sees much higher level of differences in the lifestyles as well as economies of the target market population he renders a higher level of adaption instead of going for the standardization. On the other hand supporters of standardization justifies themselves by saying that using same ads in the overseas markets would help them to achieve lower costs as well as establish a unified image on a global level. Again the people in support of adaptation say that this wont help them in entrenching themselves into the local markets.According to Root (1994) nations vary widely in quality, availability, cost of marketing, etc. Thus, marketers should thoroughly embody the various cultural variables into their ads as it seems to have a great jar on influencing the consumer as well his buying decision. The research conducted by Chandra (2002) shows that various adaptations in an ads slogan, jingle, theme as well as idiomatic symbols, expressions and colours puzzle out the adaption in an ad mandatory. He also stated that it is vital for firm to adapt their marketing campaigns to the regional market targeted in order to realize the net. lavatory lining this standardization vs. adaptation debate are the factors of scotch savings in case of using standardized marketing strategies and the maximum realization of profits in case of adaptation of the strategies so to fit into the local target market. Bradley and Sousa (2005) concluded in their studies non-regional population is likely to be less reactive to the ads which dont match to their cultures. Thus it is mandatory for successful marketing in other nations that the marketers to understand the target populations cultural traits.According to Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) products and brands can, for a time, sustain the cultural difference and homogenization, provided this is not the case with ads as they are much more dependent on influencing the consumers through the marketing elements which a re closely tied to the culture of those consumers. Due to the engagement of such verbal and visual factors such as the scenes, regional language and models the ad tends to be effective and hence deriving profits.1.3 Purpose and look into QuestionBased on the discussion in the previous section, the purpose of this seminar paper is to provide a better understanding of how the companies standardize or adapt their television commercials in the international markets.Two problem questions are formulated for the reason of helping us to acquire the knowledge required to accomplish the stated purpose.PQ 1. How the elements of television ads that are standardized or adapted can be described?PQ 2. How the factors influencing the decision to standardize or adapt be described?2 Literature ReviewThis chapter presents an overview of the researches related to the questions stated. This chapter will be starting with studying the elements of television ads. Then studies relating to the factors infl uencing the choice of standardize or to adapt will be discussed. In the end, a conceptual framework for this paper will be presented.2.1 Elements In Television AdvertisingIt is concluded in the research of Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) that particularly the optical and communicatory elements embedded in the ads are more dependent on the differences among cultures. They further stated that the dependence of the effectiveness of the ad is directly proportional to the usance of local scenes, models as well as the regional language. Another element collecting was added by Laroche and Teng (2006).APPEALSAd Appeals can be defined as a message communicated to the consumers so as to motivate them to buy the related product/service. The choice of the Appeal is the key factor associated with the ads. Kelley and Turley classified them into two categories Rational Appeal and Emotional Appeal.Rational ads rise from the traditional communication model where the recipient is assumed to make reas onable rational decision. Such ads show the benefits of the product by demonstrating its quality, value, performance and economy and generate self-interest in the mind of the target customer.In contrast to Rational Appeal, Emotional Appeals rely on the emotional perceptions of the consumer. These ads, mostly being experimental, generally tend to make the recipient feel good about the relevant product/service generating a likeliness or consideration towards the brand. Emotional Appeals tend to bring up the negative and positive emotions in the mind of the recipient in order to motivate them for a buying. The negative emotions may include fear, shame or guilt appeals making people do things they should or stopping them for doing things they shouldnt. Whereas, positive emotions include appeals like love, humour, pride or joy. (Albers-Miller and Stafford, 1999)Laroche and Teng (2006) in their recent study have stated that there exists different appeals among different cultures which are able to impact the target consumer in the most efficient manner. And the ad wont be able to achieve the desired result if the target consumer fails to find similarities between themselves and the ads characteristics.Furthermore it is also observed that these variances in the Appeals between the westward and the East date back to the ancient times. The reason behind this is thought to be the influence of the Greek philosophers on the culture of the west, emphasizing on Verbal communication. (Muller, 1992)The experimentation on marketing campaigns using military group and shocking appeals were reviewed by Anderson, Hedelin and Nilsson (2004). During the review they concluded that the use of sex as well as violence produced negative impacts on both male as well as the female recipients making it difficult for them to interpret the same message that was tried to be conveyed through that ad. They also found out that there exists a difference among the sexes in the interpretation of the messages. The females were able to relate themselves with the commercials when children are displayed.VERBAL ELEMENTSIt has been stated by Nelson and Paek (2007) that the language used in the ad is of much more importance than most marketers realize. Stewart (1994) also supported this thesis by saying that the importance of the use of the regional language becomes a vital factor when the ad is using a dramatized plot approach. The only thing that should be taken care of is that the use of dialects and vernaculars may be interpreted as stereotyping which may not be consumed positively by the local population.Chart Ducan and Ramprasads (1995) valuate illustrating majority of brands opting for adoption of regional language in their adsVISUAL ELEMENTSAccording to Hewett, Madden and Roth (1999) colour being and significant part of the products, their logos and their packaging is a powerful tool in positioning the brand into the minds of the consumer.It has been stated in the studi es conducted by Greenberg and Solomon (1993) it requires a great effort on the part of the directors as well as set creators and many others to choose a scenery and location and numerous other factors like the tone as well as the nuance of the print on which the ad is supposed to be executed. These experts in their respective fields strive to create a compelling environment that will be executed on the ad agencys vision of a way to reinforce the targeted products intended brand image into the mind of the recipient. An influential and persuasive message can be delivered by the product if the ad is well-crafted and presented in a manner which is sensible to the recipient and reinforce the intended message in his mind.OTHERSCho (1999) argues that a message conveyed by an ad should be in congruence with the values of the local culture. He also supported this statement by saying that the cultural values embodied in the ads are the core of these ads. Most of the time ads endorse, embellis h as well as reinforce the cultural values. Moreover, it has been shown with the help of empirical studies that ads which reflect regional cultural values are more persuasive than the ads which dont incorporate them.2.2 Influencing FactorsThis part will be analysing various factors that impact the decision to standardize or adapt based on various researches conducted. These will be stated along with explanation through this whole chapter.COSTIt is stated by Darmon (1999) that one of the reason leading to standardization is cost considerations. Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) also stated that economic gains along with convenience being a key factor leading to standardization. However, they were much amazed when the data of their survey stated cost savings as one of the least priority item.THE ROLE OF HEADQUATERS AND SUBSIDARIES SALE LEVELIn their research Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) that the marketing strategy as well as the follow up are more probable to be changed in the more well-off ma rkets where the holdings of the firm as well as the profit margins are comparatively higher. Still the power of making important decisions of the regional offices depends completely on the level of freedom offered by its parent company. macro instruction FACTORSAccording to Chandra (2002), these factors vary considerably from nation to nation and affect the decision making process very much based on the nations legal, political and economic factors along with the marketing scenarios. For e.g. in south Korea, only the nations models are allowed to be featured in the ads.SINGLE BRAND IMAGEDucan and Ramprasad (1995) concluded in their studies that the single brand image is the most influencing reason for standardization. It is also suggested by Vrontis (2003) that through the use of single brand image a company can importantly establish its global brand image. And due to the global broadcasting by the media as well as consumer mobility standardization is much favoured as compared to ea rlier times. carrefour CATEGORYAs compared to the products/services which are likely to be purchased on the basis of the regional cultures, products/services which show uniform consumer buying habits are more likely to employ a standardized marketing strategy. For e.g. electronic goods are used the same way across different cultures in contrast to provender items which are more likely to be consumed in the traditional fashion.DEMOGRAPHIC, PSYCHORGAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICSIt is stated by Chandra (2003) that the use of standardization depends on the existence of the homogeneous market segments. If such market exists than the consumers are more likely to behave in the same manner across the markets and share a common buying habit.EXPLOITING A SUCCESSFUL IDEADucan and Ramprasad (1995) stated that when an effective idea or strategy have taken a great time in its development and is successfully producing positive results, the firms are very keen on using this idea across differe nt markets so as to reap the costs incurred in the deed of that strategy.NOT INVENTED HEREWhen the multinational agencies are trying to use standardization, their regional subsidies are often uncomfortable with the imposition of their ideas and often defend their reasoning by tagging it as not invented here and hence lacking creativity.2.3 Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework is defined by Miles and Huberman (1994) as a visual, graphical or audible description of a study explaining it. They can be constructs, factors, elements or variables and the relationship links between them. They also state that if the research questions have been stated first than it is much easy to form the conceptual framework. Thus for answering the research questions we have to first state on what basis we have composed the data.First, the relevant theories for the first question will be stated followed by the relevant for the second question.2.3 conceptuality Elements of Television Advertising Laroche and Teng (2006) found out the various appeal elements of ads, whereas Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) have classified them into visual and verbal elements.AppealsRationalCultureEmotionalSpeech elementsSoundNational LanguageVisual elementsSceneryModels2.3.2 Conceptualization Influencing FactorsThere are various different factors influencing the decision of going for standardization or adaptation for the television ads. The related theories will be analysed and equated with data equanimousCostDemographic, psychographic and cultural characteristicsMacro factorsSingle brand imageProduct category3. MethodologyIn this chapter the methodological analysis used in the research will be presented. This chapter begins with the purpose, approach and Strategy used in the research followed by data collection and selection of sample. This chapter will be concluding with the problems faced during the methodology study.3.1 Purpose of ResearchList of referencesdAstous, A. Chartier, F. (2000, F all). A Study of Factors Affecting Consumer Evaluations and Memory of Product Placement in Movies. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 31-40.dAstous, A. Sguin, N. (1999). Consumer Reactions to Product Placement Strategies in Television Sponsorship. European Journal of Marketing, 33, 896-910.Avery, R. J. Ferraro, R. (2000). Verisimilitude or Advertising? put up Appearance on Prime-Time Television. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34, 217-244.Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., Robson, K. (2001). Focus Groups in social Research. London Sage Publication Ltd.Denscombe, M. (2000). Forskningshandboken. Lund Studentlitteratur.Eriksson, L. T. Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (2001). Att Utreda Forska och Rapportera. Malm Liber Ekonomi.Graser, M. (2006, February). TVs Savior? Advertising Age, 77, ps1-S2.Gupta, P. B., Balasubramanian, S. K. Klassen, M. L. (2000, Fall). Viewers Evaluations of Product Placements in Movies Public Policy Issues and Managerial Implications. Jou rnal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 41-52.Paying to Avoid Ads. (2004, 7 August). Economist, 372.Russell, C. A. (2002, December). Investigating the Effectiveness of Product Placements in Television Shows The Role of Modality and Plot Connection Congruence on Brand Memory and Attitude. Journal of Consumer Research. 29, 306-318.http//www.tv.com/american-idol/show/11307/summary.html?full_summary=1 2006, May 21.Wenner, L. A. (2004). On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment. Journal of Promotion Management, 10, 101-132.You be the Judge. (2004, 17 May). Brandweek, 45, pSR40-SR42.