Effects of Colonial America Essay Example for Free

Effects of Colonial America EssayDespite the fact the regions of New England and the Chesapeake Bay were descendd by people of English origin, the both areas evolved into two different societies. The changes in the formation of colonial America occurred because of the motivations for settlement, economic opportunities in the area, and the structure of towns and cities differed among the settlers.The New England colonies were established from the motivation of ghostlike freedom and to cleanse the English church, while the Chesapeake region was settled to make a profit in the mother country, England. The New England colonies began with the settlement of the pilgrims likewise known as the Puritans. The Puritans first emerged in England, to escape religious persecution and to cleanse themselves of the corrupt English church the Puritans fled to the New England region The Puritans feared what the future of England held in store, so the majority of them immigrated with their fami lies to New England all more or less the same time, which is known today as the great migration.This led the New England colonies to be primarily family based. On the other hand, the Chesapeake Bay colonies were founded quite differently. The Chesapeake settlers motivation in settlement was result of the poor economic conditions in England. Immigrants hoped for a better life and better economic standing in the new world. The majority of these immigrants were sensation men who came over as indentured servants, and served for five to seven years before being released as a free man. This in turn hint the Chesapeake region to be entirely male dominate. In addition to indentured servants, wealthy men alike immigrated to the new world in hopes to find gold, besides instead found an item worth far greater, tobacco.This discovery of tobacco in the fertile soils of the Chesapeake caused the complete dividing point in the infrastructure of the Chesapeake and the New English opportunitie s in the area. Because of the perfect conditions the area of the Chesapeake posed, tobacco became the largest profit for the mother county, England. Tobacco was known as the gold of Virginia, which was the first Chesapeake colony. England, having realized the importance of tobacco fought for restrict over these colonies and succeeded, making the Chesapeake apart of royal colonies of the New World.On the very contrast were the New England colonies that didnt have the right condition to profit from the development of tobacco, so instead wealthy merchants traded with the Indians to obtain furs and other needed items. This resulted in New England not to become targeted as a resource by Englands crown. Thus New England did not become part of the royal colonies such as the Chesapeake did. This in turn made the New England colonies more suitable for families to settle and establish homes and churches.With the immigration of families into the New England society, the establishment of towns and cities resulted in a stark contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonies. Returning to the Puritan families, the settlement of groups of families caused towns and cities to be built, with the church creating religious principals. The living conditions made it ideal for families to reside and because of this birth rate and survival were higher in New England.The establishment of towns created a more constant foundation for the New England colonies. Never the less, the lack of families in the Chesapeake region caused a deficiency of towns to be built. This in return caused little social unity and no stable family life. Men outnumbered women in the region and the high death rate in this area caused large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans. Without the establishment of towns, large tobacco plantations became the thought of the Chesapeake. This resulted in very distinct societies of the Chesapeake and New England.All things considered, the contrast of the Chesapeake and New Engl and societies is marked by motivation for settlement, thus shown in the types of immigrants beliefs. In addition, the area also gave a startling impact to how the land was settled, which resulted in the making of towns verses the running of large plantations. Even though the setters all came from the same place, these slight differences made a huge impact in the Chesapeake and New England colonies.

Illusion and Identity in Atwood’s Essay Example for Free

Illusion and individuality in Atwoods EssayIdentity in Atwoods This is a Photograph of Me In her poem This is a Photograph of Me, agent Margaret Atwood uses imagery and contrast to explore issues of fast one versus reality as well as identity. The poem is split into two halves. The first half contains descriptive words about scenery and natural objects, and the turn half, surrounded by parentheses, begins with the unnerving surprise that the narrator is dead.The poem opens with a description of a picture that at first seems blurry exclusively slowly comes into focus, like a photograph slowly developing, that even resembles a written poem itself (blurred lines and grey flecks/blended with the paper. ) The second and third stanzas go on to describe objects in the picture, including a small frame house, a lake, and some low hills. The first half has a reminiscent and descriptive tone, falsely leading the reader on with serenity.But even here, there is a shroud of mystery, wi th a description not just of a branch, but of a thing that is like a branch, and the house is halfway up/ what ought to be a gentle slope, not halfway up a gentle slope. What could this mean? The calm albeit mysterious rest of the first half ends with the fourth stanzas jarring declaration, etymon with an opening parenthesis, that the photograph the narrator is describing was taken/ the day by and by she dr stimulateed. The pace of the poem after this revelation seems frantic, searching for the narrator in the lake, which was in the first half described as being in the background and now in the essence/ of the picture. The narrator tells the reader that what can be seen is distorted and one must look intently, playing with the themes of illusion and identity. Perhaps the ambiguity of the poem and the exploration of illusion and identity are hinting at a feminist perspective that a womans true spirit is overcast by a male-dominated society.Or perhaps the poems focus is eluding t o a more universal human search for identity, a with a narrator who is unsure and obscured, but just under the surface, about to break out previously dead but now reborn, to find a new path. Or perhaps the author is talking about poetry or literature itself and the authors hidden intentions lurking in the work. As noted earlier, the description of the photograph at the beginning resembles a description of a poem blurred lines and grey flecks/ blended with the paper, like lines of writing and the letters comprising words.The author dies with the birth of her poem, when the piece lives on its own but the author is still there, somewhere, her intentions a key part of the text. The photograph in the poem, in the first half, is described as smeared and blurred and in the second half there is still distortion. So instead of disclosing the narrators story and identity, no resolution is apparent. On the contrary, the photograph creates illusion and obscures identity. The reader is left w ing with uncertainty, just like the blurred and distorted photograph of the poem.

Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action

fixer Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of ActionTable of Contents (Jump to)1. Goal2. Aims and Objectives3. Background4. methadon hydrochloride Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action4.1 Methadone chronicle Background4.2 Benefits of Methadone4.3 Deaths Involving Methadone4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Methadone4.4 Cytochrome P4504.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse do drugs Reactions1. GoalMethadone is the most common and widely used medicine for the opioid dependence in Ireland as in most of the countries in the E.U. Methadone treatment is undoubtedly incumbranceive however the reports on dolophine hydrochloride think mortalities endure definitely stirred the public concern. The ch onlyenge for biotechnologists is to determine whether the application of pharmacogenomics set up solve this dispute. The fact regarding any medicine or opioid is that they affect different item-by-items in a different way. To solve this Biological Puzzle this case study links t he role of methadone and CYP2D6 gene variations with the metaboliser status of individuals, which may serve as an adjunct in methadone related ingloriousities. CYP2D6 is a member of cytochrome P450 mixed oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of more toxicologically important do drugss that unremarkably implicates in fatal poisoning. CYP2D6 gene is located on chromosome 22 and is highly polymorphic in nature. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) variation at the exon 4 seat of the gene results in a single nucleotide change of G to A, which ensue in poor metabolism of the drug. This variation is amongst 5 to 10% of the tweed population.2. Aims and ObjectivesThe specific aims of this report atomic number 18 as followsDescribe the methadone pharmacology and its mechanism of action, which leave alone include the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the drug.The role of cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of methadone. The focus will be on the genetic polymorphi sm and the adverse drug reaction.This research will further investigate on methadones safety visibility and mortalities associated with the drug.3. BackgroundMethadone is a synthetic opioid, invented during the Second World War (White Torres, 2010). The first chemical synthesis of the drug was in 1939 at the pharmaceutical laboratories of I.G. Farbenkonzern, Germany. Methadone was introduced to the market during 1960s and since then it is one of the most valued drug which has proved its effectiveness from the prevention of abstinence syndrome that occurs after rapid interruption of regular opioid administration (Zweben Payte, 1990 Dole Nyswander, 1965). Methadone is also one of the most common medications administered for the treatment of heroin addiction, however there are many fatal poisonings account over the years (Bunten et al 2010).Methadone is a liposoluble basic drug, often administered orally as a racemic mixture of dickens enantiomers i.e. R-Met and S-Met (Garrido T roconiz, 2000). It has a long germ plasm riddance half-life that lies between 13 and 55 hours and a high bioavailability of 70% 90% when administered orally (Moffet et al, 2004). It is extensively metabolised in liver and is converted into its primary coil metabolite which is 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Crettol, Monnat Eap, 2007) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrro crease (EMDP) (Lugo et al, 2005). Blood methadone concentration in drug tolerant individuals reaches 0.84 mg/l, whereas in cases of fatality or poisoning concentrations typically range from 0.4 mg/l to 1.8 mg/l. Fatalities have also been describe with concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/l which is pregnantly lower than the average concentration in crosscurrent (Caplehorn, Drummer Fatal, 2002). Studies suggests that the largest patient associated deaths are during the drug induction phase, when any individual drug tolerance is overestimated or the presence of new(prenominal) drugs are also found in the system (Bunten et al 2010 CSAT, 2004).The revolutions in the molecular techniques in postgenomic era provide us a significant platform for the diagnostics and clinical purposes. Pharmacogenomics is the study of the disturb of heritable traits on pharmacology and toxicology that acts as bridge to certify opioid fatalities (Wong et al 2002). The significant inter-individual variation in blood methadone concentrations and individual susceptibility to methadone toxicity might be explained with genetic variations of the genes encoding the drug metabolism enzymes. Pharmacogenomics acts as the linkage between an individuals genotype and individuals ability to metabolise a foreign compound (Linder, Prough Valdes 1997).Most xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs, are metabolised by cytochromes P450 to some extent (Guengerich, 2006). The metabolism of these drugs results in detoxification and elimination of drug or activation of the prodrug to its biologically pro mpt form. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) shows a wide interindividual variation in their protein expression and/or catalytic activity, which results in unique drug metabolism (Jannetto et al 2002). Among the P450 subfamilies, CYP2D6 plays a critical role in determining the response to several drug groups/families (Sadee 1999). CYP2D6 gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are mono-oxygenases, consisting of much than 30 enzymes (Schur et al 2001) which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolise as many as 20% of commonly prescribed drugs.CYP2D6 gene substrates include debrisoquine (Wennerholm et al, 1999) an adrenergic-blocking drug sparteine and propafenone, two anti-arrythmic drugs and amitryptiline, an anti-depressant. CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic in population (Neafsey et al, 2009) certain alleles result in the poor metaboliser pheno type, characterized by a decreased ability to metabolise the enzymes substrates. The polymorphism is out-of-pocket to multiple mutations of the gene, which result in absent, functionally deficient, under-expressed or over-expressed protein (Shiran et al, 2003). The gene is located near two cytochrome P450 pseudogenes on chromosome 22q13.1 (Gouch et al, 1993). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene (Toscano et al, 2006). CYP2D6 is a polypeptide of 497 amino acids that accounts for only small a percentage of all hepatic P450s scarce its role in drug metabolism is extensively higher than its relative content (Zanger et al, 2010).4. Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action 4.1Methadone floor BackgroundMethadone was introduced to the market in 1960s (Serban, 2011 Liebrenz et al, 2010). The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1947 as an analgesic by 1950 it was used for the treatment of chafeful symptoms from heroin withdrawal and other opioids (SAMSHA, 2004). In 1964, researchers discovered that continuous, daily maintenance doses of oral methadone allowed opioid-addicted patients to function more unremarkably in the process of their recovery (Payte, 1991 Zweben and Payte, 1990 Dole, 1988 Gearing and Schweitzer, 1974).Fig 2 Methadone Chemical StructureMethadone in the modern medicine is used both as an analgesic for severe pain relief as well as in the treatment of opioid dependence (Rowley, 2011 Potter, 2010). Many scientific articles reviewed methadone to be the currently preferred drug of choice for the treatment of opioid dependence in many countries, including the U.K. (Nosyk et al, 2010 Verster and Buning, 2000). Fredheim et al, (2008) in their review reported that currently, methadone has had a renaissance in the treatment of pain be endeavor it has proven its usefulness as a second line drug in opioid switching when other opioids fail to show their effect iveness. Methadone has also been found to be the valued medication for its effectiveness in reducing the number of deaths associated with opioid addiction as well as various medical exam and behavioural prevalence of diseases associated with addictive disorders (Maxwell, Pullum Tannert 2005 Sheilds et al. 2007). However, the news headlines of many prominent newspapers including the New York Times and the Washington Times, in 2002 and 2003 hyped its publicity by reporting the opioid medications were the major cause of deaths in drug abuse treatment (Belluck, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c Associated Press, 2002 Washington Times, 2003). New York Times even mentioned methadone as a Killer Drug which is widely ill-treat and dangerous (Washington Times, 2003). After these issues it was decided by the U.N. to put methadone in the class of controlled drug. Methadone was declared in a controlled drug category by the get together Nations convention and placed under the controlled substances (narcot ics) by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention) (Bosnjak et al,2011). However, it can only be prescribed in the UK, as in most countries, by prescription till present (Verster Buning, 2000 CSAT 200b).4.2 Benefits of MethadoneMethadone is one of the most preferred drugs not only in Ireland but also across several continents around the globe. In the report published by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA), there is a seven fold increase in the opioid treatment between 19993 -2000. The drug is widely recognised amongst doctors and patients due to its several socio-economic reasons. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in the crime graph and a noticeable increase in the employment services amongst the patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. No doubt, there is a reduction in illicit drug use by the opiate users and increase in social integration is one of the benefits of methadone. In addition, methadone al so helps in reducing morbidity and mortality among opiate users.4.3 Deaths Involving MethadoneMethadone is a highly potent drug for the treatment of opioid dependence and acts as an analgesic for second line management of chronic pain. However, increase in mortality due to methadone administration has instigated controversies regarding the drug use (Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010 Bunten et al 2010). Law enforcement agencies in the fall in States (U.S.) and the Drug abuse Warning Network (DAWN) ranked methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic used in the treatment of pain management, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (Fig2.1.1) (SAMSHA, 2007).Various researches conducted amongst patients undergoing addiction treatment shows that the majority of methadone related deaths occur during the drug induction phase. Post-mortem sample predicts either an overestimation of the drug or combined usage of various other central nervous syste m (CNS) depressant in addition to the prescribed methadone (Bunten et al, 2010 Lowe, Johnson Petry, 2007).Fig Methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (SAMASHA, 2007)The side effects associated with methadone overdose includes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, clouding of consciousness and pruritus (itching) (Davis Walsh, 2001). However, the primary toxic effect of excessive methadone is respiratory depression and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema and/or end pneumonia (White and Irvine, 1999 Harding-Pink, 1993).Methadone related deaths during later phases of the additiction treatment mainly signify the presence of other illicit drugs. Researchers generally use the term poison cocktail describing the fatality due to intake of multiple psychotropic drugs (Borron, et al., 2001) such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other opioids. Several opioids when used or prescribed alone are relatively moderate respiratory depressants however, when combined with methadone, their additive or synergistic effects can be lethal (Kramer, 2003 Payte and Zweben, 1998).Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program a subsidiary of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirms 1,114 cases of methadone-associated fatalities in adults from 1970 through 2002. Critically, a greater number of deaths were reported in 2001 alone than during the entire period from1990 through 1999 the number doubled itself in 2002. In the U.K. 225 individuals died whilst undergoing methadone treatment in 1993. In 1997, data confirms 449 deaths due to the same cause. However, the mortality graph went down in 2001 by reporting 279 deaths caused by methadone but in 2002, it again rose to 316. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no regular trend in methadone related deaths. However, Corkery et al (2004), mentions that it is always not necessary for methadone to be the cause of death even acc ording to the death certificate of the individuals. In an individual study, methadone was detected in the post-mortem blood of 352 unexplained sudden deaths in Scotland between 1991 and 2001. 23 % of these deaths were not directly linked with methadone. However, there were other drugs and/or alcohol found in the blood sample of the individuals.The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (CSAT) in 2004 states that all methadone related poisoning eventually leads to cardio-toxicity and respiratory depression.Methadone deaths expressed as Percent of all poisoning deaths (CSAT, 2007).United States Poison Control Centres states that the overall number of opioid-related deaths has been on the rise, with many cases involving other opioids that include oxycodone and hydrocodone (Litovitz, et al., 2002 Florida Department of Law Enforcement, 2002)4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of MethadoneMethadone is a liposoluble basic drug with a pKa of 9.2 and is usually administered orally as a r ecemic mixture of two enantiomers R-methadone (R-Met) and S-methadone (S-Met) (Fig.2.2) (Trescot, 2010). The plasma half-life of the drug is highly variable and is between 13 and 55 hours but it is usually assumed to be an average of 25 hours (Letsky et al, 2011 Albion et al, 2010 Wolff et al, 2002). The bioavailability is 70% to 90% when administered orally (Bunten et al, 2010 Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010). Studies indicate that in drug naive individuals, a single dose of methadone can show its clinical effects up to 72 hours in duration (Olsen et al, 1997). However, the peak plasma concentration reaches in 2 to 4 hours. The analgesic effect of the drug sets in about 15 minute after the subcutaneous injection (Eap et al, 2002).The chemical structure of r-(-)-methadone and s-(+)-methadone (asterisk (*) denotes chiral centre).There is a wide distribution of methadone amongst tissues, which generally range from 60 to 90%. As a result, the drug shows slow elimination and cumulative effect . Methadone is mostly metabolised in liver. The primary metabolite of the drug is 2-ethylidene-1, 5- dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Fig) (Bunten et al, 2010) and to some extent 3, 3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) (Corkery et al, 2004). However, both of these metabolites are inactive and elimination of these inactive metabolies is through urine and faeces. Anggard and Inturrisi et al. (1975) (1990) mentioned that as a result of the basic (pKa =9.2) and lipophylic properties, methadone undergoes a hepatic metabolism and renal excretion.Fig 4 Metabolic Conversion of Methadone to EDDP4.4 Cytochrome P450Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a large superfamily of enzymes. The origin of P450s superfamily is since prokaryotes much before the existence of eukaryotes (Omura, 2010). The gene P450, commonly known as CYP is present in the genomes of virtually all organisms. Moreover, studies suggest that heme proteins are the building blocks of CYP450 enzymes. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of the various xenobiotics, steroids and other chemicals. Most of the drugs and chemicals are lipophilic to become more water soluble before excretion. Therefore, P450 superfamily of hemoproteins serves as conclusion oxidases of the mixed function oxidase system (Wrighton and Stevens, 1992). The heme prosthetic group binds oxygen after electron transfer reactions from the reduced form of 24 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This reaction incorporates a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate with the concomitant reduction of the other atom to water (Synder, 2000 Omura, 1999).In cytochrome P450, P denotes the pigment and the number 450 is the spectral properties for the absorption band at 450 nm of the reduced CO-bound complex (Benhardt, 2006 Reichhart Feyereisen, 2000). However, according to the nomenclature society, the term CYP is followed by number of families which are generally group of proteins with more than 40% amino-acid sequenc e identity, a letter for subfamilies and a number for the gene e.g. CYP2D6. Studies indicate that P450 superfamily is highly diverse (Mathew, 2010). Diversity of P450s is mainly due to the extensive process of gene duplications. However, gene amplifications, conversions, genome duplications, gene loss, and lateral transfers are certain scenarios that are less documented.4.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse Drug ReactionsDrugs affect different individuals in a different way. Genetic variations, which affect the response of the drug metabolism, can be of the most probable reasons (Mayer Zanger, 1997). Johansson Sunderberg (2010) also reported that the difference in drug metabolism among individuals might be due to several factors e.g. epigenetic, pathophysiological, or it might be due to some environmental factors. In a population, genetic polymorphism is divided according to individual ability to perform drug transformation reaction (Srivastava, 2003). Moreover, polymorphi c trait is also detect due to certain mutation in the genes and/or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which results in the enzyme variation and leads towards higher or lower activity. As a result, there is a partial or complete absence of an enzyme protein in the system. (FIG)Fig Polymorphism of Drug Metabolism Enzymes (Evans Relling, 1999).As we can attain from the above figure that the genetic polymorphism applies for a wide range of drugs and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Identification of these variations were by the occurrence of adverse reactions after normal doses of drugs in patients or volunteers. In adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions have its key role. In fact, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major causes of death which is reported in many scientific articles, reviews and even government scripts. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMSHA) (2007), there is a record of approximately 100,000 deaths in the United St ates due to drug toxicity. In addition, Eichelbaum et al., (2006) stated that ADRs is also responsible for up to 7% of hospitalizations and the number has increased to 30% in the elderly population ( 70 years of age) (Paul et al., 2008). ADRs mainly affect cardiac function or cause liver toxicity (Need et al., 2005).The CYP families metabolises approximately, 75% of all clinically used drugs (Bertz and Granneman, 1997 Evans and Relling, 1999).The human genome contains cxv CYP genes, out of which 57 are found to be functional and the rest are reported as pseudogenes (Johansson Sundberg, 2010 Wang et al,2003). Among CYP families, there are 22 different P450 isoforms, which shows a high degree of polymorphism. Therefore, we can divide the polymorphic xenobiotic metabolizing CYP enzymes into two classes according to their interindividual susceptibility for xenobioticsClass I Composed of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 without important functional polymorphism and active in metaboli sm of drugs.Class II Composed of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, which are highly polymorphic and are important for the metabolism of drugs.

Standardization And Adaptation In Television Advertising

Standardization And Adaptation In television receiver AdvertisingStill in this twenty-first century television continues to be a prevailing media. ascribable to the increase in the globalization this world is shrinking at a rapid rate, companies doing line of descent overseas must find new and innovative ways to communicate their ticks to the market. Thus, the decision of standardisation or admitation of the advertisements between respective(a) nations is of much vastness to these companies competing in the international market. The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding as to how the multi-national companies standardize and adapt their television advertising. For reaching the close, questions based on the elements of television ads, along with the factors affecting the decision whether to standardize or adapt were identified. On the basis of these questions, analysis of related literature was conducted to form a abstract framework, which was further ut ilized to guide this papers data collection. Qualitative case study approach was rendered to collect the data, based on the interviews and observing the television commercials of multi-national brands. The conclusion derived shows that there atomic number 18 various appeals that atomic number 18 efficient. For e.g. Emotional appeals are more(prenominal) efficient on young target market, whereas the rational appeals work more efficiently on the older target market. Cost is the key factor which influences the companys decision to adapt a commercial. Whereas regarding the standardization of a television commercial the companys main counseling should be the non-geographical elements much(prenominal) as the family conclusion and humour.Contents1 IntroductionThe following chapter go forth be providing the reader with some background of the area being researched. Problem statement regarding the standardization and adaptation in television ads will be followed by the research. The overall purpose and the related research questions will be concluding this chapter.1.1 BackgroundMarketing confabulation is based solely on the method of sharing of the perceptions. The intended capacity can be successfully communicated integrity if the senders perceptual field or what we can define as his experience of that brand is in congruence with the perceptual field of the intended market. Thus a capacity which lands outside the receivers perceptual field has no effect on the receiver. consort to Root (1994) the perceptual gaps as come up as the encoding and decryption gaps resulting arising due to the cultural differences between the sender and the receiver hinders the communication. Moreover, as a reason of the unawareness of cultures regarding the existence of such gaps the level of communication hindrance increases additionally.In the below figure 1.1, it has been demonstrated by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004) that efficient communication depends on three main fac tors the sender, the receiver and the message. These three factors are interconnected with a message channel.Figure 1 Marketing Communication ProcessIt was in like manner tell by Root (1994) that communication process between the people of the same culture derives an advantage from a high level of congruence in their perceptual fields as well as the similarity between their communication codes. The communication process can be therefore be affected by the cultural hindrance which is justified by Root (1994) saying that many another(prenominal) time the sender as well as the receiver of the same culture believe that the message has been clearly understood by them even though it is non the case.Advertising has been defined by Root (1994) as a process of non-personal communication which is sponsored in monetary form to promote a proceeds, a brand or even a company. Advertising has also been recognized as a tool for mass promotion (ibid). According to Laroche and Teng (2006) cultu ral value are vital for any ad message and it is also a deciding factor for the success of any ad. They have also state that the people are finding commonalities between then and the ads when their cultural values are embodied in those ads. The vice versa happens when their values are not concerning the ad.The assignment of delivering the message to the people is given to the advertising media. Radio, print, television, cinema, hoardings and other outdoors are the leading media considerable for this task. The advertisers are able to demonstrate the service or the product in motion using a number of choices of elements available for this task. The right combination of these elements during the making of the television ad so as to give the message a strong probability of catching the attention of the consumer and getting the message to him is vital to achieve the desired impression on the mind of the consumer.1.2 Problem DiscussionTelevision ads can also be intentd to boost the ima ge of the product by showing the product in motion along with the ability to employ colour and sound for constructing a desirable environment surrounding the product. The centre of this paper will be television commercials, due to the various factors of television such as vision, colour, sound and motion which are very crucial in presenting the message. Moreover, the study of Brassington and Pettitt (2000) showing that motion ads are considered superior for the generation of emotional appeals also is a factor for the concentration of this paper towards television commercials.The decision of the standardization or adoption of television ad at an international level resides principally to the manager and his manipulations towards the promotional mix elements. People who support standardization argue by saying that the current trend in the marketing world is of creating the products and marketing them in the same way in all the nations without considering the differences in the vari ous cultures. But when manager sees much higher level of differences in the lifestyles as well as economies of the target market population he renders a higher level of adaption instead of going for the standardization. On the other hand supporters of standardization justifies themselves by saying that using same ads in the overseas markets would help them to achieve lower costs as well as establish a unified image on a global level. Again the people in support of adaptation say that this wont help them in entrenching themselves into the local markets.According to Root (1994) nations vary widely in quality, availability, cost of marketing, etc. Thus, marketers should thoroughly embody the various cultural variables into their ads as it seems to have a great jar on influencing the consumer as well his buying decision. The research conducted by Chandra (2002) shows that various adaptations in an ads slogan, jingle, theme as well as idiomatic symbols, expressions and colours puzzle out the adaption in an ad mandatory. He also stated that it is vital for firm to adapt their marketing campaigns to the regional market targeted in order to realize the net. lavatory lining this standardization vs. adaptation debate are the factors of scotch savings in case of using standardized marketing strategies and the maximum realization of profits in case of adaptation of the strategies so to fit into the local target market. Bradley and Sousa (2005) concluded in their studies non-regional population is likely to be less reactive to the ads which dont match to their cultures. Thus it is mandatory for successful marketing in other nations that the marketers to understand the target populations cultural traits.According to Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) products and brands can, for a time, sustain the cultural difference and homogenization, provided this is not the case with ads as they are much more dependent on influencing the consumers through the marketing elements which a re closely tied to the culture of those consumers. Due to the engagement of such verbal and visual factors such as the scenes, regional language and models the ad tends to be effective and hence deriving profits.1.3 Purpose and look into QuestionBased on the discussion in the previous section, the purpose of this seminar paper is to provide a better understanding of how the companies standardize or adapt their television commercials in the international markets.Two problem questions are formulated for the reason of helping us to acquire the knowledge required to accomplish the stated purpose.PQ 1. How the elements of television ads that are standardized or adapted can be described?PQ 2. How the factors influencing the decision to standardize or adapt be described?2 Literature ReviewThis chapter presents an overview of the researches related to the questions stated. This chapter will be starting with studying the elements of television ads. Then studies relating to the factors infl uencing the choice of standardize or to adapt will be discussed. In the end, a conceptual framework for this paper will be presented.2.1 Elements In Television AdvertisingIt is concluded in the research of Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) that particularly the optical and communicatory elements embedded in the ads are more dependent on the differences among cultures. They further stated that the dependence of the effectiveness of the ad is directly proportional to the usance of local scenes, models as well as the regional language. Another element collecting was added by Laroche and Teng (2006).APPEALSAd Appeals can be defined as a message communicated to the consumers so as to motivate them to buy the related product/service. The choice of the Appeal is the key factor associated with the ads. Kelley and Turley classified them into two categories Rational Appeal and Emotional Appeal.Rational ads rise from the traditional communication model where the recipient is assumed to make reas onable rational decision. Such ads show the benefits of the product by demonstrating its quality, value, performance and economy and generate self-interest in the mind of the target customer.In contrast to Rational Appeal, Emotional Appeals rely on the emotional perceptions of the consumer. These ads, mostly being experimental, generally tend to make the recipient feel good about the relevant product/service generating a likeliness or consideration towards the brand. Emotional Appeals tend to bring up the negative and positive emotions in the mind of the recipient in order to motivate them for a buying. The negative emotions may include fear, shame or guilt appeals making people do things they should or stopping them for doing things they shouldnt. Whereas, positive emotions include appeals like love, humour, pride or joy. (Albers-Miller and Stafford, 1999)Laroche and Teng (2006) in their recent study have stated that there exists different appeals among different cultures which are able to impact the target consumer in the most efficient manner. And the ad wont be able to achieve the desired result if the target consumer fails to find similarities between themselves and the ads characteristics.Furthermore it is also observed that these variances in the Appeals between the westward and the East date back to the ancient times. The reason behind this is thought to be the influence of the Greek philosophers on the culture of the west, emphasizing on Verbal communication. (Muller, 1992)The experimentation on marketing campaigns using military group and shocking appeals were reviewed by Anderson, Hedelin and Nilsson (2004). During the review they concluded that the use of sex as well as violence produced negative impacts on both male as well as the female recipients making it difficult for them to interpret the same message that was tried to be conveyed through that ad. They also found out that there exists a difference among the sexes in the interpretation of the messages. The females were able to relate themselves with the commercials when children are displayed.VERBAL ELEMENTSIt has been stated by Nelson and Paek (2007) that the language used in the ad is of much more importance than most marketers realize. Stewart (1994) also supported this thesis by saying that the importance of the use of the regional language becomes a vital factor when the ad is using a dramatized plot approach. The only thing that should be taken care of is that the use of dialects and vernaculars may be interpreted as stereotyping which may not be consumed positively by the local population.Chart Ducan and Ramprasads (1995) valuate illustrating majority of brands opting for adoption of regional language in their adsVISUAL ELEMENTSAccording to Hewett, Madden and Roth (1999) colour being and significant part of the products, their logos and their packaging is a powerful tool in positioning the brand into the minds of the consumer.It has been stated in the studi es conducted by Greenberg and Solomon (1993) it requires a great effort on the part of the directors as well as set creators and many others to choose a scenery and location and numerous other factors like the tone as well as the nuance of the print on which the ad is supposed to be executed. These experts in their respective fields strive to create a compelling environment that will be executed on the ad agencys vision of a way to reinforce the targeted products intended brand image into the mind of the recipient. An influential and persuasive message can be delivered by the product if the ad is well-crafted and presented in a manner which is sensible to the recipient and reinforce the intended message in his mind.OTHERSCho (1999) argues that a message conveyed by an ad should be in congruence with the values of the local culture. He also supported this statement by saying that the cultural values embodied in the ads are the core of these ads. Most of the time ads endorse, embellis h as well as reinforce the cultural values. Moreover, it has been shown with the help of empirical studies that ads which reflect regional cultural values are more persuasive than the ads which dont incorporate them.2.2 Influencing FactorsThis part will be analysing various factors that impact the decision to standardize or adapt based on various researches conducted. These will be stated along with explanation through this whole chapter.COSTIt is stated by Darmon (1999) that one of the reason leading to standardization is cost considerations. Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) also stated that economic gains along with convenience being a key factor leading to standardization. However, they were much amazed when the data of their survey stated cost savings as one of the least priority item.THE ROLE OF HEADQUATERS AND SUBSIDARIES SALE LEVELIn their research Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) that the marketing strategy as well as the follow up are more probable to be changed in the more well-off ma rkets where the holdings of the firm as well as the profit margins are comparatively higher. Still the power of making important decisions of the regional offices depends completely on the level of freedom offered by its parent company. macro instruction FACTORSAccording to Chandra (2002), these factors vary considerably from nation to nation and affect the decision making process very much based on the nations legal, political and economic factors along with the marketing scenarios. For e.g. in south Korea, only the nations models are allowed to be featured in the ads.SINGLE BRAND IMAGEDucan and Ramprasad (1995) concluded in their studies that the single brand image is the most influencing reason for standardization. It is also suggested by Vrontis (2003) that through the use of single brand image a company can importantly establish its global brand image. And due to the global broadcasting by the media as well as consumer mobility standardization is much favoured as compared to ea rlier times. carrefour CATEGORYAs compared to the products/services which are likely to be purchased on the basis of the regional cultures, products/services which show uniform consumer buying habits are more likely to employ a standardized marketing strategy. For e.g. electronic goods are used the same way across different cultures in contrast to provender items which are more likely to be consumed in the traditional fashion.DEMOGRAPHIC, PSYCHORGAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICSIt is stated by Chandra (2003) that the use of standardization depends on the existence of the homogeneous market segments. If such market exists than the consumers are more likely to behave in the same manner across the markets and share a common buying habit.EXPLOITING A SUCCESSFUL IDEADucan and Ramprasad (1995) stated that when an effective idea or strategy have taken a great time in its development and is successfully producing positive results, the firms are very keen on using this idea across differe nt markets so as to reap the costs incurred in the deed of that strategy.NOT INVENTED HEREWhen the multinational agencies are trying to use standardization, their regional subsidies are often uncomfortable with the imposition of their ideas and often defend their reasoning by tagging it as not invented here and hence lacking creativity.2.3 Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual framework is defined by Miles and Huberman (1994) as a visual, graphical or audible description of a study explaining it. They can be constructs, factors, elements or variables and the relationship links between them. They also state that if the research questions have been stated first than it is much easy to form the conceptual framework. Thus for answering the research questions we have to first state on what basis we have composed the data.First, the relevant theories for the first question will be stated followed by the relevant for the second question.2.3 conceptuality Elements of Television Advertising Laroche and Teng (2006) found out the various appeal elements of ads, whereas Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) have classified them into visual and verbal elements.AppealsRationalCultureEmotionalSpeech elementsSoundNational LanguageVisual elementsSceneryModels2.3.2 Conceptualization Influencing FactorsThere are various different factors influencing the decision of going for standardization or adaptation for the television ads. The related theories will be analysed and equated with data equanimousCostDemographic, psychographic and cultural characteristicsMacro factorsSingle brand imageProduct category3. MethodologyIn this chapter the methodological analysis used in the research will be presented. This chapter begins with the purpose, approach and Strategy used in the research followed by data collection and selection of sample. This chapter will be concluding with the problems faced during the methodology study.3.1 Purpose of ResearchList of referencesdAstous, A. Chartier, F. (2000, F all). A Study of Factors Affecting Consumer Evaluations and Memory of Product Placement in Movies. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 31-40.dAstous, A. Sguin, N. (1999). Consumer Reactions to Product Placement Strategies in Television Sponsorship. European Journal of Marketing, 33, 896-910.Avery, R. J. Ferraro, R. (2000). Verisimilitude or Advertising? put up Appearance on Prime-Time Television. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34, 217-244.Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., Robson, K. (2001). Focus Groups in social Research. London Sage Publication Ltd.Denscombe, M. (2000). Forskningshandboken. Lund Studentlitteratur.Eriksson, L. T. Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (2001). Att Utreda Forska och Rapportera. Malm Liber Ekonomi.Graser, M. (2006, February). TVs Savior? Advertising Age, 77, ps1-S2.Gupta, P. B., Balasubramanian, S. K. Klassen, M. L. (2000, Fall). Viewers Evaluations of Product Placements in Movies Public Policy Issues and Managerial Implications. Jou rnal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 41-52.Paying to Avoid Ads. (2004, 7 August). Economist, 372.Russell, C. A. (2002, December). Investigating the Effectiveness of Product Placements in Television Shows The Role of Modality and Plot Connection Congruence on Brand Memory and Attitude. Journal of Consumer Research. 29, 306-318.http//www.tv.com/american-idol/show/11307/summary.html?full_summary=1 2006, May 21.Wenner, L. A. (2004). On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment. Journal of Promotion Management, 10, 101-132.You be the Judge. (2004, 17 May). Brandweek, 45, pSR40-SR42.

Coca Colas Entry Strategies Into The African Market Marketing Essay

coca plant Colas Entry Strategies Into The African Market Marketing EssayCoca colas entry strategies into the African securities labor.The Coca-Cola Company is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the largest manufacturers, distributors and marters of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the universe of discourse. Coca-Colas headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia, in America. It is best known for its flagship product, Coca-Cola, and is one of the largest corporations in the United States.Today, Coca-Cola is an internationally recognized soft drinks company with ambitious plans to further grow the brand. The company owns the majority of the soft drinks available in coolers and in pitch machines in the western world. Some of these brands include, Coca-Cola and sub brands1, Dr Pepper, Fanta, Sprite, Oasis and PowerAde. A full list of Coca-Colas affiliated brands can be found on their corporate website2.The 2005 one-year Report states the company divvy ups beverage product s in more than than 312 countries or territories.3 The international presence of Coca-Cola is phenomenal and its logo, advertising and colours are among the most recognized in the world.When an organization has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it.An organization wishing to go international faces three major issuesi) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and implement marketing effort, how to enter with intermediaries or directly, with what information?ii) Sourcing whether to obtain products, make or buy?iii) Investment and correspond joint venture, international subprogramner, acquisition?Decisions in the marketing area focalization on the value reach . The strategy or entry alternatives must learn that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated.. One of the critical questions to examine in establishing an international development strategy is to select the entry mode in the targe t foreign country and the distribution channel. Several alternative entry strategies can be considered,Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are expanding their world(a) reach, carrying theirproducts and brands to new and diverse markets in emerging economies. As they tailortheir strategies to the local context, they go through to create product and brand portfolios thatmatch their competences with local needs.A multi-tier strategy with local and/or global brands may provide MNEs with thewidest reach into the market and the potential for market leadership. However, it has to besupported with an appropriate combination of global and local resources. Foreign entrantsthus have to develop operational capabilities for the specific context, which requirescomplementary resources that are typically controlled by local firms.One of such an organization is coca cola company. Coke has recently started to heavy invest in the African market. Africa was actually a subaltern priority region for Coc a-Cola until 1997 when citing rapid population growth anddisproportionately low sales, the company actual a new market strategy aiming to doublesales in 5 years.Indeed, per capita consumption in Africa has grown from 18 servings in 1986 to 37 servings in2006. Unit case volume sales are up 4 percent from 2005 to 2006. This growth waspredominantly driven by 23 percent unit of measurement case volume growth in Egypt, after Coca-Cola opened anew divisional office in Cairo.Coke has clearly decided to focus its energies on emerging markets throughout the world andCoke can honestly brag about increasing its sales volume on a global scale. However, as newcountries are aggressively targeted by Cokes marketing machine, dietary patterns change, andthe rate of western-style diet-related diseases increase.Entry strategies into the African market.Coca Cola Company entered into the global market using various modes of entry. The most common modes are exporting, licensing and franchising. Besides exporting beverages and its special syrups, Coca cola overly exporting its merchandises to foreign distributors and companies.The company has also started licensing with bottlers around the world and runing its special syrup necessary to produce the product. Coca cola cogitations with more than 300 bottlers internationally to produce, deliver, market and sell products around the world. In 1984 a candy store owner Joseph A Biedenham began bottling coca cola to sell using common glass called Hutchinson. Benjamin F. doubting Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead have made first bottling agreement with Coca cola. During 1900-1909, three main bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. In 1916, a typical bottle called contour bottle has been designed to distinguish from imitator. The contour bottle became trademark status by U.S patent office. During 1920s more than 1000 coca cola bottlers were operating in U.S. Between 1920s and 1930s, co mpany leader Robert W. Woodruff began expand internationally through establishing bottling operation outside U.S. In 1940, out front World War II, 64 bottling plant were setup around the world. During 1970s and 1980s many small and medium-sized bottlers consolidated to better sue huge mensuration of global customers. Strong licensing relationship with bottlers became the base for Coca Colas entire business growth. Franchising is a special type of licensing strategy.There is various type of franchising. The type apply by Coca Cola is manufactured-sponsored wholesalers franchise system. In franchising the finished products and sold to the retailers in local market. In case of Coca Cola Company licensing turn up most suitable mode of market entry. T he licensing strategy must ensure ongoing competitive advantages such as export market opportunities, low-risk manufacturing relationships, and diffusion of new products.Other market entry mode such as exporting also proved useful in ex panding globally. Coca-Cola has massive world appeal. The products image is loaded with over-romanticizing, and this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart. The Coca-Cola image is displayed on T-shirts, hats, and collectible memorabilia. This extremely recognizable branding is one of Coca-Colas greatest strengths.7 Additionally, Coca-Colas bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintaining a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and operated by independent business people who are authorised to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Because Coke does not have forthwith ownership of its bottling net move around, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers.Other brands owned by the Coca Cola company that have a real brand image.8 Seasonal advertising awareness e.g. TV Christmas advert and summer advert. Coca-Colas brand name is known salu brious throughout 94% of the world instantly Coca-Colas bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a large geographic, diverse area.. Coca-Cola has successfully employed the hub-and-spoke model in multiple campestral emerging markets. In Africa, for instance, 9Coca-Cola set up Manual Distribution Centers in which an independent person was given the rights to distribute Coca-Cola products within a defined radius14. Similarly, in India local entrepreneurs sell Coca-Cola using all possible means of transport, ranging from trucks, auto-rickshaws, wheel rickshaws and hand carts, to even camel carts in Rajasthan and mules in hilly areas, to transport its product from the nearest hub.15 (See exhibit 3) As Colgate and Coca-Cola have shown, the hub-and-spoke model for FMCG products works well because it addresses the inventory cost and transportation infrastructure issues that are associated with distributing products in hoidenish emerging markets while also providing for good product avail talent at the small-village level.In the villages, farmers earn the bulk of their in amaze during two to three peak harvest months, earning nothing during troughs. Farm labors get a daily wage when theres work to do at other times they sit around idle, migrate to towns, or scratch a living from other sources.36Equally important is the ability to execute on the ground and deliver consistently across this wide variety of markets, even as they change and mature over the longer term. galore(postnominal) of the early entrants to Africa have established successful, profitable businesses. Companies have been able to generate competitive advantage by influencing consumer preferences, building brand loyalty and shaping industry structure before competitors have a chance to become established. The majority of emerging market nations continue to have largely cracker-barrel , agrarian-based economies.1 In Africa alone, of the seven cytosine million residents , roughly five hundred million people lived in rural areas.2 Delivering products and services into this market presents both unique challenges and enormous opportunities for companies.The nature of rural emerging markets makes building a successful marketing channel challenging. The population is widely dispersed, transportation infrastructure is poor or non-existent, household incomes are low and sporadic, and traditional methods of creating brand trust and awareness will not work.I propose that an entering company needs to design marketing channels that both successfully deliver products to customers in a capital-efficient way, and that unlock the latent desire that customers have to purchase and receive those products. In this manner, not only are transporters and warehouses part of a successful marketing channel, but so are entities that educate customers about products and services they may n ot know they need, as are the financial programs that help customers finance their purchases.The key points coca cola company should focus on when designing their rural distribution networks in emerging markets are as follows1. The company should choose the distribution network model that is appropriate for the product or service it is selling.2. While continuing to meet the customers needs, the company should aggregate consumer penury into central locations as much as possible in order to decrease inventory and transportation costs.3. The company should consider taking advantage of rural entrepreneurs (REs) to facilitate last-mile product preservation and sales. Such rural entrepreneurs include retailers and kiosk operators.Although consumers in rural emerging markets clearly have low and sporadic incomes, it would be a mistake to assume that these consumers necessarily desire to purchase cheap products. Instead, as Prahalad writes, the consumers are very brand-conscious and are motivated to buy quality goods. However, at the same time, they are by necessity very value-conscious.37 The challenge for companies entering this market is to offer consumers high-quality products and brands while also offering .When AIDS advocates in Africa observe that Coca-Cola products were available in remote African villages, it sparked the idea that perhaps the companys supply chain experts could assist in delivering life-saving drugs to AIDS victims. The drugs are typically hard to come by, especially in the outlying regions of poor countries. In some regions, it is not uncommon for the drugs to take 30 days to get through a nonprofits supply chain before arriving at their final destination.In 2009, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria asked Coke for assistance improving the organizations supply chain. The company concord to help with a project in 2010, and the corporation worked with the Global Fund, Tanzanias Medical Stores Department, the Gates Foun dation and Accenture Development Partnerships to get life-saving drugs to far-flung villages in Africa.What we noticed was that Coca-Colas products ever so seemed to get to every remote region, and we thought that if they could get their products there, with their support, maybe we could, too, said Gabriel Jaramillo, the Global Funds general manager, according to the Daily Beast.The drug supply chain hasnt been perfected, according to a study from the Yale School of Public Health. However, it has greatly improved access to medication in rural regions. Ill patients now have an 80 percent chance of receiving the correct medication, up dramatically from only a 50 percent chance two years ago. While the old delivery systems took a month to get drugs to the correct area, supply chains have been optimized and delivery time is now estimated at merely five days.Coca-Cola isnt doing all the work for the project they give expert advice and input, but Tanzanias Medical Stores Department is c hipping in and having its employees learn the basics of supply chain management, logistics and distribution. However, the project doesnt only regard learning about how supply chains operate. All the partners are working to develop infrastructure in poorer developing areas, so Coke products and medications can more easily get where theyre needed most.Due to the success of this program, it has expanded to Ghana and Mozambique, where supply chains are still too underdeveloped to get rural residents the drugs they need. By working with one of the worlds largest distributors, groups looking to expand access to AIDS medication have developed a new system to better serve ill patients in remote regions.

The Crucible: Hysteria And Injustice :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible Hysteria and InjusticeThesis Statement     The purpose is to educate and display to the reader the hysteria and detriment that chiffonier come from a group of people that thinks its doing the"right" thing for society in relation to The Crucible by Arthur Miller.I. Introduction     The play is base on the real life witch hunts that occurred in the late1600s in Salem, Massachusetts. It shows the peoples fear of what they feltwas the Devils work and shows how a small group of powerful people wronglyaccused and killed many people out of this fear and ignorance. Also importantto the play is how Arthur Miller depicts how one selfish, evil person analogousAbigail Williams can bring others down and make others follow her to commit evilacts. These evil acts affect even the most honest people in the town like Johnand Elizabeth Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse who cannot fight the accusations madeagainst them by those following Abigail . Those following Abigail are consideredto be holy men that are full of honesty and justice, that the play shows thateven those who are thought to be respectable and right, like people ofgovernment or community leaders can bring remnant to innocent people if they aredriven by something wrong.II. Plot     The plot begins with the inciting incident where Rev. Parris finds hisniece Abigail Williams and his daughter Betty along with his slave Tituba doingsome dance in the forest. make up when he finds them, Betty becomes sick andwont talk or open her eyes, about this time other peoples daughters becomesick too. Rumors spread that witch craft is involved in Bettys illness and thedevelopment of the plot begins. Important to the major development of the plotis the fact that in the forest, Abigail and the others were just playing likewitches. But they were following Abigail because she cherished to try to put acurse on a lady named Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail was in l ove with Mrs.Proctors husband, John Proctor, and she wanted to some how get rid of Elizabeth.The job was that as the rumors spread about the devil Abigail went alongwith it and blamed the slave woman Tituba for forcing her to join the devil.The rising action begins when Tituba out of fear of death starts assignment peoplethat she says were with the devil when the devil came to her. This is all a liethough because once Abigail blamed Tituba she did not want to turn the storyaround and guard that she was lying in the first place because one, she was

Pre-Revolution :: History

Pre-RevolutionGeorge upper-case letter was promoted to lieutenant colonel by Governer Dinwiddie in 1754 with orders to attack the french fort up Fort Duquesne. Washington was inexperienced in battle and inevitably blew his assign handst. While demonstrateing towards Fort Duquesne, Washington and his men came upon a French reconnaissance party. Washington attacked with victory and fled the area to prepare for the French retaliation. Washington ordered his men to construct a fort as a meager means of demur from attack. This fort would be called Fort Necessity. Fort Necessity was poorly constructed and located in a terrible position. The surrounding forest made it possible for the French and Indian attackers to approach the fort without being seen. Washington and his men were forced to surrender. The French captured Washington and his men and forced Washington to sign an admission of attack. In this admission, which was written in French, Washington unknowingly admitted to assassin ating the leader of the reconnaissance party. Although Washington could not read French, he signed the documents. All educated and sophisticated men could read French, and for Washington to admit to not being able to read French would be degrading to himself. The French let Washington and his men march out after the admission was signed. Washington returned to Virginia a hero and, while undeclared, the colonies knew that war had begun. This war would become known as the French and Indian War. In 1755 Britain sent General Edward Braddock to defend the colonies and capture Fort Duquesne. Braddock appointed Washington as second in command of his British troops. With over 1400 troops, Braddock marched against Fort Duquesne, single to be ambushed by a party of French and Indian soldiers totaling a mere fraction of his troops. Braddock was killed in combat along with 900 of his troops, leaving Washington in charge and responsible for marching the men back to Virginia. The British followe d this defeat by more and more. Although the British outnumbered the French and Indians, they were poorly organized and failed to use the resources that contact them. Indians would attack the British troops while they were marching, by hiding in trees and attacking from all sides. In 1756, the conflict spread to Europe. Britain still was incapable of win battles even home their home front. It wasnt until 1758 when King George II appointed William Pitt as Prime Minister did the war efforts take a turn for the better.